Skip to main content
Log in

Optimization of the direct LSC method for determination of biogenic component in liquids by applying 14C

  • Published:
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Determination of fraction of biogenic component in liquid fuels by a direct radiocarbon measurement in liquid scintillation counter (direct-LSC method) has been validated by participation in the international intercomparison exercise. All the results for samples with the standard quench parameter SQP(E) value above ≈ 650 were accepted. Highly quenched sample of used edible oil was diluted with the 14C-free petroleum ether to optimize the region of applicability. It was established that quantitative results were obtained for SQP(E) values above 700, while in the SQP(E) region between 700 and 600 only the qualitative results of fbio can be taken.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, Official Journal of the European Union L 328/82ž

  2. Fogassy G, Thegarid N, Schuurman Y, Mirodatos C (2012) The fate of bio-carbon in FCC co-processing products. Green Chem 14:1367–1371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dell’Orco S, Christensen ED, Iisa K, Starace AK, Dutta A, Talmadge MS, Magrini KA, Mukarakate C (2021) Online biogenic carbon analysis enables refineries to reduce carbon footprint during coprocessing biomass- and petroleum-derived liquids. Anal Chem 93:4351–4360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Su J, Cao L, Lee G, Tyler J, Ringsred A, Rensing M, van Dyk S, O’Connor D, Pinchuk R, Saddler J (2021) Challenges in determining the renewable content of the final fuel after co-processing biogenic feedstock in the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) of a commercial oil refinery. Fuel 294:120526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Noakes J, Norton G, Culp R, Nigam M, Dvoracek D (2006) A comparison of analytical methods for the certification of biobased products. In: Chalupnik S, Schönhofer F, Noakes J (eds) LSC 2005: advances in liquid scintillation spectrometry. Proceedings of the 2005 international liquid scintillation conference, Katowice, Poland, 17–21 October 2005. Radiocarbon, Tucson, pp 259–271

    Google Scholar 

  6. Reddy CM, DeMello JA, Carmichael CA, Peacock EE, Xu L, Arey JS (2008) Determination of biodiesel blending percentages using natural abundance radiocarbon analysis: testing the accuracy of retail biodiesel blends. Environ Sci Technol 42:2476–2482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hajdas I, Ascough P, Garnett MH, Fallon SJ, Pearson CL, Quarta G, Spalding KL, Yamaguchi H, Yoneda M (2021) Radiocarbon dating. Nat Rev Methods Primers. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00058-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Varga T, Major I, Janovics R, Kurucz J, Veres M, Jull AJT, Peter M, Molnar M (2018) High-precision biogenic fraction analyses of liquid fuels by 14C AMS at Hekal. Radiocarbon 60(5):1317–1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Haverly MR, Fenwick SR, Patterson FPK, Slade DA (2019) Biobased carbon content quantification through AMS radiocarbon analysis of liquid fuels. Fuel 237:1108–1111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Oinonen M, Hakanpää-Laitinen H, Hämäläinen K, Kaskela A, Jungner H (2010) Biofuel proportions in fuels by AMS radiocarbon method. Nucl Instrum Methods B 268:1117–1119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Krajcar Bronić I, Barešić J, Sironić A, Borković D (2020) Properties, behavior and potential health effects of 14C. In: Todorović N, Nikolov J (eds) Radionuclides: properties, behavior and potential health effects. Nova Science Publisher, New York

    Google Scholar 

  12. Tang Y, Luo Z, Yu C, Cen J, Chen Q, Zhang W (2019) Determination of biomass-coal blending ratio by 14C measurement in co-firing flue gas. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1900006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Krajcar Bronić I, Barešić J, Horvatinčić N, Sironić A (2017) Determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels by the 14C direct LSC method by using quenching properties of modern liquids for calibration. Radiat Phys Chem 137:248–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.01.041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dijs I, van der Windt E, Kaihola L, van der Borg K (2006) Quantitative determination by 14C analysis of the biological component in fuels. Radiocarbon 48:315–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Idoeta R, Perez E, Herranz LF (2014) Characteristic parameters in the measurement of 14C of biobased diesel fuels by liquid scintillation. Appl Radiat Isot 93:110–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Norton GA (2009) Direct analysis of automotive fuels for bioethanol content using radiocarbon analysis. Radiocarbon 51:995–1003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Krištof R, Kožar Logar J (2013) Direct LSC method for measurements of biofuels in fuel. Talanta 111:183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Doll CG, Wright CW, Morley AM, Wright BW (2017) Analysis of fuel using the direct LSC method determination of bio-originated fuel in the presence of quenching. Appl Radiat Isot 122:215–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Doll CG, Plymale AE, Cooper A, Kutnyakov I, Swita M, Lemmon T, Olarte MV, Wang H (2021) Determination of low-level biogenic gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel in blends using the direct liquid scintillation counting method for 14C content. Fuel 291:120084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stojković I, Nikolov J, Tomić M, Mićić M, Todorović N (2017) Biogenic fraction determination in fuels—optimal parameters survey. Fuel 191:330–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. ASTM D6866-12 (2012) Standard test methods for determining the biobased content of solid, liquid, and gaseous samples using radiocarbon analysis. ASTM International. American Society for Testing and Materials

  22. ASTM D6866-16 (2016) Standard test methods for determining the biobased content of solid, liquid, and gaseous samples using radiocarbon analysis. ASTM International. American Society for Testing and Materials

  23. ASTM D6866-21 (2021) Standard test methods for determining the biobased content of solid, liquid, and gaseous samples using radiocarbon analysis. ASTM International. American Society for Testing and Materials

  24. Mook W, van der Plicht J (1999) Reporting 14C activities and concentrations. Radiocarbon 41:227–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hua Q, Turnbull JC, Santos GM, Rakowski AZ, Ancapichun S, De Pol-Holz R, Hammer S, Lehman SJ, Levin I, Miller JB, Palmer JG, Turney CSM (2021) Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2019. Radiocarbon. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Borković D, Krajcar Bronić I, Sironić D, Barešić J (2021) Comparison of sampling and measurement methods for atmospheric 14C activity. In: Proceedings of the RAD2021 conference. https://rad2021.rad-conference.org/vs/RAD_2021-Damir%20Borkovic.pdf. Accessed 2021

  27. Krajcar Bronić I, Horvatinčić N, Sironić A, Obelić B, Barešić J, Felja I (2010) A new graphite preparation line for AMS 14C dating in the Zagreb radiocarbon laboratory. Nucl Instrum Methods B 268:943–946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sironić A, Krajcar Bronić I, Horvatinčić N, Barešić J, Obelić B, Felja I (2013) Status report on the Zagreb radiocarbon laboratory—AMS and LSC results of VIRI intercomparison samples. Nucl Instrum Methods B 294:185–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Cherkinsky A, Culp RA, Dvoracek DK, Noakes JE (2010) Status of the AMS facility at the University of Georgia. Nucl Instrum Methods B 268:867–870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ines Krajcar Bronić.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Krajcar Bronić, I., Sironić, A., Barešić, J. et al. Optimization of the direct LSC method for determination of biogenic component in liquids by applying 14C. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 331, 3289–3294 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-022-08371-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-022-08371-5

Keywords

Navigation