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Neighborhood Disadvantage and Parenting in Early Adolescence Predict Epigenetic Aging and Mortality Risk in Adulthood

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

Youth who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods experience poorer health later in life, but little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying these effects and socioenvironmental factors that may protect youth from the biological embedding of neighborhood adversity. This study tests whether supportive and consistent parenting buffers associations between neighborhood disadvantage in early adolescence and epigenetic aging in adulthood. A community sample from Birmingham, Alabama, USA (N = 343; 57% female; 81% Black, 19% White) was assessed in early adolescence (T1; ages 11 and 13) and adulthood (T2; age 27). At T1, neighborhood poverty was derived from census data and neighborhood disorder was reported by caregivers. Both youth and parents reported on parental discipline and nurturance. At T2, methylation of salivary DNA was used to derive a mortality risk index and Hannum, Horvath, PhenoAge, and GrimAge epigenetic age estimators. Regression analyses revealed that neighborhood disadvantage was associated with accelerated epigenetic aging and/or mortality risk only when combined with high levels of harsh and inconsistent discipline and low child-reported parental nurturance. These findings identify epigenetic aging and mortality risk as relevant mechanisms through which neighborhood adversity experienced in adolescence may affect later health; they also point to the importance of supportive and consistent parenting for reducing the biological embedding of neighborhood adversity in early adolescence.

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Funding

This project was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities through a grant U54MD000502 and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through a grant R49-CCR418569. The study sponsors had no role in the study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; and submission for publication.

Data Sharing Declaration

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Sylvie Mrug, Malcolm Barker-Kamps & Marlon Goering

  2. Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Amit Patki & Hemant K. Tiwari

Authors
  1. Sylvie Mrug
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  2. Malcolm Barker-Kamps
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  3. Marlon Goering
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  4. Amit Patki
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  5. Hemant K. Tiwari
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Contributions

S.M. conceived and designed the study, analyzed data, and drafted the manuscript; M.B.K. coordinated the study, analyzed data, and drafted manuscript sections; M.G. participated in coordination of the study, data analyses, and manuscript revisions; A.P. participated in data acquisition and data analyses; and H.K.T. participated in study design and data analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sylvie Mrug.

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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics Approval

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards described in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

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Mrug, S., Barker-Kamps, M., Goering, M. et al. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Parenting in Early Adolescence Predict Epigenetic Aging and Mortality Risk in Adulthood. J. Youth Adolescence 53, 258–272 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01863-x

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