Abstract
The present study provides an affective norm collected from older adults for 1,050 Chinese words that are closely related to the typical life scenes commonly encountered by older adults. Data were collected for key affective dimensions of valence and arousal using the method of adapted Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) in a paper-and-pencil procedure. The results showed that the current database (ANCO) was of high reliability and validity. Valence and arousal were in an asymmetrically quadratic relationship in the valence-by-arousal space; i.e., older adults rated negative words as the highest arousing, followed by positive and neutral words. In addition, by comparing affective ratings of the shared words between the present norm collected from older Chinese adults and previous norms collected from young Chinese adults (Wang et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2016), we found that compared with young adults, older ones perceived negative words as more negative and more arousing, and perceived positive words as more positive and less arousing. ANCO can serve as a valuable source of information for age-related affective research and help explicate the effects of emotion on linguistic and cognitive processes.
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Data Availability
Task instructions, analysis code, and all data generated and analyzed during this study are available in the OSF repository (https://osf.io/bgmuj/).
Notes
For each affective dimension, there were 14 repeated words for Booklet No. 2 and for Booklet No. 9 (One word in the repeated word list in Booklet No. 2 as well as Booklet No. 9 were removed due to their unfamiliarity and ambiguity among more than 10% of the participants), and 15 repeated words for the remaining seven booklets.
Behavioral data were also frequently used to validate normative databases. However, we did not adopt this approach due to the documented weak (e.g., approximately 2% in lexical decision latencies, see Citron, Weekes, et al., 2014; Kuperman et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2022; 0.2% in naming latencies, see Kuperman et al., 2014) or null (e.g., lexical decision latencies in Guasch et al., 2016; Yao et al., 2017) predictive power of valence and arousal on behavioral data. Probably due to this reason, most previous affective norms did not use behavioral data to validate their ratings (e.g., Grandy et al., 2020; Monnier & Syssau, 2014, 2017; Stadthagen-Gonzalez et al., 2017; Warriner et al., 2013).
Similar to the present study, all three studies (Wang et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2016) utilized nine-point scales in valence and arousal rating tasks. The sources of the three databases were as follows. The affective database of Wang et al. (2008) was retrieved through contacting its corresponding author. The affective database of Yao et al. (2017) was downloaded from the supplementary materials in the online version of this article (doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0793-2); and the affective database of Yu et al. (2016) (CVAW 4.0) was retrieved from http://nlp.innobic.yzu.edu.tw/resources/cvaw.html. For words that appeared in any two of the three databases or in all the three databases, their final ratings were the average scores. We did not include Xu et al. (2022) for age comparisons in the current study because participants’ ages in their study covered quite a wide range, i.e., from 18 to 62, which is quite different from age ranges in other studies (i.e., Wang et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2016, see Table 4 for details).
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Acknowledgements
We thank Daguan sub-district (Gongshu district, Hangzhou), Zhou Xin’an, and the research assistants from Zhejiang University for helping collect the data. We thank Chen Xiaocong from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for his valuable suggestions on data analyses. And we thank professor Liang-Chih Yu from Yuan Ze University for providing the raters’ information of CVAW 4.0 (Yu et al., 2016).
Funding
This work is supported by a grant (2021GH023) to the corresponding author from the Social Science Fund of Zhejiang Higher Education, and a grant (2022YFC3601600) to the same author from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
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DS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis and investigation, Writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing. HW: Methodology, Writing—review and editing. YD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—review and editing, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision.
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Song, D., Wen, H. & Dong, Y. Affective Norms for Chinese Words of Typical Life Scenes Rated by Older Adults (ANCO). J Psycholinguist Res 52, 1115–1140 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-023-09948-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-023-09948-1