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Conversion of Waste Thermocol into Effective Adsorbent by Chemical Modification: Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Media

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Abstract

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam (thermocol waste) is produced at a rate of several million tons annually and poses serious environmental challenges due to its widespread use and lack of biodegradability. The present research is to design an effective Malachite Green (MG) dye adsorbent, RBT (Recycled polystyrene (RPS)—Benzophenone-3,3′,4′,4′-Tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTCDA)) by the chemical modification of RPS with BPTCDA via two-step reactions (namely the Friedel–Crafts followed by amidation reactions). The adsorbent’s characteristics were studied using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Solution pH, contact duration, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature of the adsorption process were individually optimized. The adsorption is well matched (R2 > 0.955) with pseudo second-order kinetics, and Freundlich isotherm was identified as most fitting with research findings. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic. The probable mechanism behind adsorption was predicted between adsorbent and adsorbate through FT-IR analysis. Finally, MG adsorbed RBT, was converted into 3D printing filaments by the extrusion process. When MG leaching of 3D filaments was evaluated, there was no evidence of MG leaching, which could imply that this approach is an environmentally benign way to remove toxic pollutants as well as reduce landfill polymer waste. Based on the adsorption experiment results, RBT is suitable for the adsorption of MG dye from a water-based medium; also the final product was converted into value-added products.

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Funding

The Author Thankam Regi would like to thank SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, India 603110, for the research funding support with grant no: Lr. No. SSN CE JRF/2020.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Feynman Nano Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India

    Thankam Regi & Arun Karthick Selvam

  2. Polymer Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India

    A. Murugesan & Arya S. Raj

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  1. Thankam Regi
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  2. Arun Karthick Selvam
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  3. A. Murugesan
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Contributions

TR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing-original draft preparation, Editing, Data curation and analysis. AKS: Conceptualization, Supervision, Review, Validation, Corrections and editing. AM: Supervision, Review, Validation, Corrections and editing. ASR: Editing, Data curation and analysis.

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Correspondence to Arun Karthick Selvam.

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Regi, T., Selvam, A.K., Murugesan, A. et al. Conversion of Waste Thermocol into Effective Adsorbent by Chemical Modification: Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Media. J Polym Environ 32, 1469–1488 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-03045-z

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