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Nonlinear Ultrasonic Inspection of the Effect of Contaminants on Material Properties of Epoxy-Adhesive

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Abstract

Adhesive joints have been an effective alternative to conventional mechanical fasteners for joining materials in the aerospace and automotive industries. Although adhesive joints have various advantages, including uniform stress distribution, lower weight, improved corrosion tolerance, and design flexibility, there can be various defects in adhesive joints, which have limited wider application. This paper investigates the effect of a contaminant on the chemical and mechanical properties of the epoxy-adhesive and seeks to determine if a second harmonic generation method can reliably detect and characterize the degree of contamination in the epoxy-adhesive. A contact based ultrasonic through-transmission method was used to measure nonlinearity and then the nonlinearity parameter was calculated using the measured fundamental and second harmonic frequency components in the signals. It was found that there is higher sensitivity to contaminant concentration, up to 1.5%, of the nonlinearity parameter than that for the sound velocity. These data were also found to correlate with changes in the mechanical hardness, which was measured by the Rockwell hardness testing, with different four levels of contamination. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also conducted to assess the effect of the contaminant on thermal properties of the epoxy-adhesive. The DSC and TGA techniques were used to evaluate the curing reaction and the thermal stability of the epoxy-adhesive respectively.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported, in part, by a R. Bruce Thompson Graduate Fellowship in Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE) in Iowa State University. The authors include as a co-author Lucas Koester who contributed to this work. He died unexpectedly (March 16, 2022) just before this paper was completed. Lucas was a great field and colleague who will be greatly missed by all who knew him.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, USA

    Do-Kyung Pyun & Leonard J. Bond

  2. Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, USA

    Lucas W. Koester, Daniel J. Barnard & Leonard J. Bond

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  1. Do-Kyung Pyun
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  2. Lucas W. Koester
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DP graduate student - performed experiments and worked on manuscript. LK and DB staff scientists at CNDE - assisted DP with experiments and contributed to manuscript. LJB major professor - worked with DP on project, developed and supervised research, edited final version of manuscript. All except LK reviewed final manuscript (he died March 16, 2022).

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Correspondence to Leonard J. Bond.

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Pyun, DK., Koester, L.W., Barnard, D.J. et al. Nonlinear Ultrasonic Inspection of the Effect of Contaminants on Material Properties of Epoxy-Adhesive. J Nondestruct Eval 41, 75 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-022-00904-y

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