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Effects of Positive Carbon Quantum Dots on Gram-Negative Bacteria as an Antimicrobial Agent

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Abstract

Non-radiative decay is the main limitation to applications of the excellent optical properties of carbon quantum dots. Moreover, the optical properties of CQDs depend on their size and the passivating agent. Therefore, several functionalisation strategies have been developed to enhance the optical properties of CQDs. Size-controlled synthesis of CQDs within cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB-CQDs) of 25 nm was achieved in this research for the stabilisation of the excellent optical and antibacterial properties with an inhibition zone of 18 mm with low toxicity at effective concentrations of 10 µg·mL−1 and exhibited cell viability at 76%. CTAB functioned as a surface-passivating agent reacted with CQDs by positive charges from amino groups (–NH2) and interacted with bacterial cells through electrostatic interactions. As a result, CTAB encapsulated CQDs by the amide linkages and formed micelles to enhance the optical and antibacterial properties of CQDs. Meanwhile these CQDs were linked to CTAB by electrostatic interaction reactions and the surface state was modified, thus changing their absorption spectrum. Subsequently, a toxicity test confirmed the CQDs and CTAB-CQDs have good biocompatibility at their effective concentration of 10 µg·mL−1 against Vero cells. The antimicrobial result has confirmed that CQDs are a promising antimicrobial agent against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) which are more resistant than Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, modification of CQDs with CTAB affects their antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity which could lead to the development of new, efficient tools for simultaneous biofilm imaging and bactericides.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by the Fundamental Research Grant (FRGS/1/2014/SG06/UKM/03/1) from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia and Research University Grant (GUP-2017-109) from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Funding

Funding was provided by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Grant No. GUP-2017-109) and Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi (MY) (Grant No.: FRGS/1/2014/SG06/UKM/03/1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nur Akma Mahat & Siti Aisyah Shamsudin

  2. Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor

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  1. Nur Akma Mahat
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  2. Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor
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  3. Siti Aisyah Shamsudin
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Correspondence to Siti Aisyah Shamsudin.

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This work was supported by Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia (Grant No.: FRGS/1/2014/SG06/UKM/03/1) and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Grant No. GUP-2017-109). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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Mahat, N.A., Nor, N.S.M. & Shamsudin, S.A. Effects of Positive Carbon Quantum Dots on Gram-Negative Bacteria as an Antimicrobial Agent. J Inorg Organomet Polym 32, 2428–2440 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02314-z

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