Abstract
Geotrichum candidum could biosynthesize of [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5] nanocomposite by using a biological method of fungal-free extract. Different characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The XRD study of [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC showed that this hybrid nanocomposite is a Monoclinic 2 crystal structure with a space group P \({2}_{1}/C\). The crystallite size (D) value average is 12.80 nm for [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC. By using DFT computations, the direct energy gap value is 1.557 eV for [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC. For [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC was tested as an antibacterial against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, Candida albicans, and anti-fungal by well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was measured and the values ranged from 0.02 to 0.012 g/l with different strains of bacteria and C. albicans and from 0.100 to 0.012 g/l for different strains of fungi, these results showed that [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC can control pathogens in wastewater treatment units. Finally testing the efficiency of the produced [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC was tested against polluted water samples with pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and certain heavy metals from Kitchener drainage in Mahalla, Gharbia governorate, Egypt. [G. candidum/Cu8O7 + P2O5]NC hybrid nanocomposite can inhibit bacteria by 90% compared to amoxicillin as a synthetic antibacterial which reduced the total count by 54.8% and fungi by reducing the total count by 100% compared to Nystatin as a standard of antifungal which reduced the total count of fungi by 98%. Also had high activity to remove of certain heavy metals nearly to 91.4% for Pb, 22.8% for Cd, 36.6% for Cr, 10.9% for Ni, and 25.8% for Zn.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article.
Abbreviations
- [Cu2O]NPs :
-
Cuprous oxide nanoparticles
- [6CuO]NPs :
-
Six cupric oxide nanoparticles
- [P2O5]NPs :
-
Phosphorus pentoxide nanoparticles
- [TA-CuO]NPs :
-
Trichoderma asperellum-Copper oxide nanoparticles
- DFT:
-
Density functional theory
- DMOl3 :
-
A commercial (and academic) software package which uses density functional theory with a numerical radial function
- TDDFT :
-
Time-dependent density functional theory
- UV–Vis:
-
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
- FT-IR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray powder diffraction
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- PDA:
-
Potato dextrose agar
- G. candidum :
-
Geotrichum candidum
- NC:
-
Nanocomposite
- Cu (NO3)2 :
-
Cupper nitrate
- PSA:
-
Particle size analyzer
- CASTEP:
-
Cambridge serial total energy package
- GP:
-
Gamma point
- PBE:
-
Perdew–Burke–Ernzerh
- Ps. aeruginosa :
-
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- PDA:
-
Potato dextrose agar
- ICP:
-
Inductively coupled plasma
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- ITS:
-
Intergeneric transfer of ribosomal genes
- hkl:
-
Miller index
- WBX97XD/6-311 G:
-
Software system measures geometric parameters, vibration modes, optimized structure visualization, and energies for nanocomposite compounds processed
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- rpm:
-
Rotation per minute
- HOMO:
-
Highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO:
-
Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- Pb:
-
Lead
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- PDB:
-
Potato dextrose broth
- IR:
-
Infra-red
- CuCl2 :
-
Copper chloride
- CuSO4 :
-
Copper sulphate
- FMOs:
-
Frontier molecular orbital
- GGA:
-
Generalized gradient approximation
- FWHM:
-
Full width at half-maximum
- CFU:
-
Colony forming unit
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
- BLAST:
-
Basic local alignment search tool
- D:
-
Crystallite size
- MEP:
-
Molecular electrostatic potential
- DNP:
-
The double numerical basis set with polarization
- GAP:
-
Gaussian potential approximation system
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MGS: Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, AFA-H: Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, AMA-Z: Methodology—original draft, HM: Data curation, Formal analysis, OMD: Methodology, Data curation, and YA-GM: Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft.
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Shalaby, M.G., Al-Hossainy, A.F., Abo-Zeid, A.M. et al. Geotrichum candidum Mediated [Cu8O7 + P2O5] Nanocomposite Bio Fabrication, Characterization, Physicochemical Properties, and its In-Vitro Biocompatibility Evaluation. J Inorg Organomet Polym 32, 2398–2415 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02252-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02252-w