Abstract
Each year, millions of children in the United States are exposed to intimate partner violence. Although the body of research on these children and factors that enhance their resiliency is growing, little is known about children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who have also been exposed to intimate partner violence. This knowledge gap is notable given the prevalence of intellectual and development disabilities among children, as well as the numerous challenges facing these children and their families (e.g., medical and behavioral challenges, parenting stress, and financial burden). Informed by prior research and our practice experience, this commentary highlights information for service providers working with families experiencing both intimate partner violence and intellectual and developmental disabilities. In addition to providing an overview of children’s exposure to intimate partner violence and an overview of intellectual and developmental disabilities, the commentary summarizes the limited research exploring the intersection between these two issues and offers recommendations for enhancing research and practice. Recommendations center on the importance of training, wrap-around and tailored services, community partnerships, and intervention research focused on survivors and their children with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. (n.d.). Frequently asked questions on intellectual disability. Retrieved from https://www.aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition/faqs-on-intellectual-disability
Austin, A. E., Shanahan, M. E., Barrios, Y. V., & Macy, R. J. (2017). A systematic review of interventions for women parenting in the context of intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1524838017719233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017719233.
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., … Pettygrove, S. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1–23.
Bair-Merritt, M. H., Blackstone, M., & Feudtner, C. (2006). Physical health outcomes of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 117, e278–e290. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1473.
Baranek, G. T., Chin, Y. H., Hess, L. M. G., Yankee, J. G., Hatton, D. D., & Hooper, S. R. (2002). Sensory processing correlates of occupational performance in children with fragile X syndrome: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 538–546. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.56.5.538.
Bauman, M. L. (2010). Medical comorbidities in autism: Challenges to diagnosis and treatment. Neurotherapeutics, 7(3), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2010.06.001.
Becerra, T. A., Massolo, M. L., Yau, V. M., Owen-Smith, A. A., Lynch, F. L., Crawford, P. M., Pearson, K. A., Pomichowski, M. E., Quinn, V. P., Yoshida, C. K., & Croen, L. A. (2017). A survey of parents with children on the autism spectrum: Experience with services and treatments. The Permanente Journal, 21, 16–009. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-009.
Berg, K. L., Shiu, C., Acharya, K., Stolbach, B. C., & Msall, M. E. (2016). Disparities in adversity among children with autism spectrum disorder: A population-based study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58(11), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13161.
Berg, K. L., Acharya, K., Shiu, C.-S., & Msall, M. E. (2018). Delayed diagnosis and treatment among children with autism who experience adversity. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3294-y.
Bessette Gorlin, J., McAlpine, C. P., Garwick, A., & Wieling, E. (2016). Severe childhood autism: The family lived experience. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(6), 580–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2016.09.002.
Blake, J. J., Lund, E. M., Zhou, Q., Kwok, O., & Benz, M. R. (2012). National prevalence rates of bully victimization among students with disabilities in the United States. School Psychology Quarterly, 27(4), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000008.
Bleyenheuft, Y., & Gordon, A. M. (2013). Precision grip control, sensory impairments and their interactions in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(9), 3014–3028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.047.
Boulet, S. L., Boyle, C. A., & Schieve, L. A. (2009). Health care use and health and functional impact of developmental disabilities among US children, 1997-2005. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.506.
Boyle, C. A., Boulet, S., Schieve, L. A., Cohen, R. A., Blumberg, S. J., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Visser, S., & Kogan, M. D. (2011). Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997–2008. Pediatrics, 127(6), 1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2989.
Brenner, J., Pan, Z., Mazefsky, C., Smith, K. A., & Gabriels, R. (2018). Behavioral symptoms of reported abuse in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in inpatient settings. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3727–3735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3183-4.
Broder-Fingert, S., Shui, A., Pulcini, C. D., Kurowski, D., & Perrin, J. M. (2013). Racial and ethnic differences in subspecialty service use by children with autism. Pediatrics, 132(1), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2034.
Carr, T., Shih, W., Lawton, K., Lord, C., King, B., & Kasari, C. (2016). The relationship between treatment attendance, adherence, and outcome in a caregiver-mediated intervention for low-resourced families of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice, 20(6), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315598634.
Chaidez, V., Hansen, R., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2014). Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1117–1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1973-x.
Dababnah, S., Rizo, C. F., Campion, K., Downton, K. D., & Nichols, H. M. (2018). The relationship between children's exposure to intimate partner violence and intellectual and developmental disabilities: a systematic review of the literature. American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities, 123(6), 529-544. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.6.529.
Dababnah, S., Olson, E. M., & Nichols, H. M. (2019). Feasibility of the incredible years parent program for preschool children on the autism spectrum in two U.S. sites. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 57, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2018.10.010.
Dekker, M. C., Koot, H. M., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 43(8), 1087–1098. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00235.
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V., & Williamson, D. (2002). Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: Implications for health and social services. Violence and Victims, 17, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.1.3.33635.
Easterbrooks, M. A., Katz, R. C., Kotake, C., Stelmach, N. P., & Chaudhuri, J. H. (2018). Intimate partner violence in the first 2 years of life: Implications for toddlers’ behavior regulation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(7), 1192–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614562.
Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0986-y.
Emerson, N. D., Morrell, H. E. R., & Neece, C. (2016). Predictors of age of diagnosis for children with autism spectrum disorder: The role of a consistent source of medical care, race, and condition severity. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2555-x.
Emery, C. R. (2011). Controlling for selection effects in the relationship between child behavior problems and exposure to intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 1541–1558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510370597.
Fantuzzo, J., Boruch, R., Beriama, A., Atkins, M., & Marcus, S. (1997). Domestic violence and children: Prevalence and risk in five major US cities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(1), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199701000-00025.
Feinberg, E., Silverstein, M., Donahue, S., & Bliss, R. (2011). The impact of race on participation in part C early intervention services. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(4), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182142fbd.
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 614–621. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.42.
Fletcher, J. (2010). The effects of intimate partner violence on health in young adulthood in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.030.
Freedman, R., & Boyer, N. (2000). The power to choose: Supports for families caring for individuals with developmental disabilities. Health & Social Work, 25(1), 59–68.
Fusco, R. A., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2009). Domestic violence crimes and children: A population-based investigation of direct sensory exposure and the nature of involvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.07.017.
Goin-Kochel, R. P., Myers, B. J., & Mackintosh, V. H. (2007). Parental reports on the use of treatments and therapies for children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1(3), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2006.08.006.
Graham-Bermann, S. A., Gruber, G., Howell, K. H., & Girz, L. (2009). Factors discriminating among profiles of resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 648–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.01.002.
Granello, D. H., & Gibbs, T. A. (2016). The power of language and labels:“the mentally ill” versus “people with mental illnesses”. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(1), 31–40.
Grasso, D. J., Henry, D., Kestler, J., Nieto, R., Wakschlag, L. S., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2016). Harsh parenting as a potential mediator of the association between intimate partner violence and child disruptive behavior in families with young children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(11), 2102–2126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515572472.
Grych, J. H., Fincham, F. D., Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2000a). Interparental conflict and child adjustment: Testing the mediational role of appraisals in the cognitive-contextual framework. Child Development, 71, 1648–1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00255.
Grych, J. H., Jouriles, E. N., & Swank, P. R. (2000b). Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.84.
Gumas, N. (2018). Socioeconomic and racial disparities in public special education: Alleviating decades of unequal enforcement of the individuals with disabilities education act in New York City. Columbia Journal of Race & Law, 8(2), 398.
Gwinn, C., Strack, G., Adams, S., Lovelace, R., & Norman, D. (2007). The family justice center collaboration model. Saint Louis University Public Law, 27(1), 79–120.
Hall-Lande, J., Hewitt, A., Mishra, S., Piescher, K., & LaLiberte, T. (2015). Involvement of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the child protection system. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 30, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357614539834.
Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 734–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.03.001.
Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2011). Children’s exposure to interpersonal violence and other family violence. In National Criminal Justice Reference Service Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232272.pdf.
Hartley, S., & Schultz, H. (2015). Support needs of fathers and mothers of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1636–1648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2318-0.
Hatton, C., & Emerson, E. (2004). The relationship between life events and psychopathology amongst children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-2322.2004.00188.x.
Herrema, R., Garland, D., Osborne, M., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Rodgers, J. (2017). Mental wellbeing of family members of autistic adults. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 47(11), 3589–3599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3269-z.
Hodgetts, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Nicholas, D. (2015). Profile and predictors of service needs for families of children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 19(6), 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314543531.
Holden, G. W., Geffner, R., & Jouriles, E. N. (Eds.). (1998). Children exposed to marital violence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Holmes, M. R., Yoon, S., & Berg, K. A. (2017). Maternal depression and intimate partner violence exposure: Longitudinal analyses of the development of aggressive behavior in an at-risk sample. Aggressive Behavior, 43(4), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21696.
Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004.
Howarth, E., Moore, T. H., Welton, N. J., Lewis, N., Stanley, N., MacMillan, H., ... & Feder, G. (2016). IMPRoving outcomes for children exposed to domestic ViolencE (IMPROVE): An evidence synthesis. Public Health Research, 4(10), 1–342. https://doi.org/10.3310/phr04100.
Howell, K. H., Graham-Bermann, S. A., Czyz, E., & Lilly, M. (2010). Assessing resilience in preschool children exposed to intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 25(2), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.2.150.
Hungerford, A., Wait, S. K., Fritz, A. M., & Clements, C. M. (2012). Exposure to intimate partner violence and children's psychological adjustment, cognitive functioning, and social competence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(4), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.2.185.
Huth-Bocks, A. C., Levendosky, A. A., & Semel, M. A. (2001). The direct and indirect effects of domestic violence on young children's intellectual functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 16, 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011138332712.
Jo, H., Schieve, L., Rice, C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Tian, L., Blumberg, S., & ... Boyle, C. (2015). Age at autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by race, ethnicity, and primary household language among children with special health care needs, United States, 2009-2010. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 19(8), 1687–1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1683-4.
Jones, L., Bellis, M. A., Wood, S., Hughes, K., McCoy, E., Eckley, L., Bates, G., Mikton, C., Shakespeare, T., & Officer, A. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet, 380(9845), 899–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60692-8.
Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2015). Intimate partner violence, coercive control, and child adjustment problems. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(3), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535099.
Jouriles, E. N., Brown, A. S., McDonald, R., Rosenfield, D., Leahy, M. M., & Silver, C. (2008). Intimate partner violence and preschoolers' explicit memory functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.420.
Jouriles, E. N., McFarlane, J., Vu, N. L., Maddoux, J., Rosenfield, D., Symes, L., Fredland, N., & Paulson, R. (2018). Mothers’ posttraumatic stress and child adjustment problems in families seeking services for intimate partner violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(7), 604–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000318.
Juan, S. C., Washington, H. M., & Kurlychek, M. C. (2017). Breaking the intergenerational cycle: Partner violence, child–parent attachment, and children’s aggressive behaviors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0886260517692996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517692996.
Kelly, A. B., Garnett, M. S., Attwood, T., & Peterson, C. (2008). Autism spectrum symptomatology in children: The impact of family and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9234-8.
Kerns, C. M., Newschaffer, C. J., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2015). Traumatic childhood events and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3475–3486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2392-y.
Kiami, S. R., & Goodgold, S. (2017). Support needs and coping strategies as predictors of stress level among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research & Treatment., 8685950–8685910. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8685950.
Kiely, B., Migdal, T. R., Vettam, S., & Adesman, A. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of elopement in a nationally representative sample of children with developmental disabilities in the United States. PLoS One, 11(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148337.
Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339.
Klein, L. B., Chesworth, B. R., Howland-Myers, J. R., Rizo, C. F., & Macy, R. J. (2019). Housing interventions for intimate partner violence survivors: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019836284.
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Purcell, S. (2003). Domestic violence is associated with environmental suppression of IQ in young children. Development and Psychopathology, 15(2), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579403000166.
Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (2010). Changes in the primary diagnosis of students with intellectual or developmental disabilities ages 6 to 21 receiving special education services 1999 to 2008. Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities, 48(3), 233–238.
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & Martinez-Torteya, C. (2013). PTSD symptoms in young children exposed to intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 19(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213476458.
Lightfoot, E., Hill, K., & LaLiberte, T. (2011). Prevalence of children with disabilities in the child welfare system and out of home placement: An examination of administrative records. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(11), 2069–2075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.02.019.
Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013.
MacMillan, H. L., Wathen, C. N., & Varcoe, C. M. (2013). Intimate partner violence in the family: Considerations for children’s safety. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 1186–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.005.
Macy, R. J., Rizo, C. F., Chesworth, B., & Klein, L. B. (2019). Orange County North Carolina, domestic violence, and housing: A collaborative community-provider and researcher needs assessment. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Social Work, Chapel Hill, NC. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/ocdvnareport
Magaña, S., Lopez, K., & Machalicek, W. (2017). Parents taking action: A psycho-educational intervention for Latino parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Family Process, 56(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570890.
Mandell, D. S., Walrath, C. M., Manteuffel, B., Sgro, G., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2005). Characteristics of children with autistic spectrum disorders served in comprehensive community-based mental health settings. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-3296-z.
Maulik, P. K., Mascarenhas, M. N., Mathers, C. D., Dua, T., & Saxena, S. (2011). Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018.
McCoy, K., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2009). Constructive and destructive marital conflict, emotional security and children’s prosocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01945.x.
McDonald, R., Jouriles, E. N., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Caetano, R., & Green, C. E. (2006). Estimating the number of American children living in partner-violent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.137.
McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C., Wathen, C. N., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: An overview. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 504–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001.
Mevissen, L., Lievegoed, R., Seubert, A., & de Jongh, A. (2011). Do persons with intellectual disability and limited verbal capacities respond to trauma treatment? Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 36, 278–283. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2011.621415.
Miller-Graff, L. E., Cater, Å. K., Howell, K. H., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016). Parent–child warmth as a potential mediator of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and positive adulthood functioning. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 29(3), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2015.1028030.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2015). The road to recovery: Supporting children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who have experienced trauma. Retrieved from https://www.nctsn.org/resources/road-recovery-supporting-children-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities-who-have
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). Domestic violence and abuse: How services can respond effectively. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/lgb20/resources/domestic-violence-and-abuse-how-services-can-respond-effectively-60521200174789
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2012). Intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs): Condition information. Retrieved from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/idds/conditioninfo/default
National Network to End Domestic Violence. (2019). 13th annual domestic violence counts report: 24-hour census of domestic violence shelters and services. Retrieved from https://nnedv.org/resources/?mdocs-cat=mdocs-cat-50&att=null#content
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2014). Excessive stress disrupts the architecture of the developing brain: Working Paper No. 3 (Updated ed.). Retrieved from www.developingchild.harvard.edu
Neamah, H. H., Sudfeld, C., McCoy, D. C., Fink, G., Fawzi, W. W., Masanja, H., ... & Fawzi, M. C. S. (2018). Intimate partner violence, depression, and child growth and development. Pediatrics, 142(1), e20173457. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3457.
Nieto, C., López, B., & Gandía, H. (2017). Relationships between atypical sensory processing patterns, maladaptive behaviour and maternal stress in Spanish children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(12), 1140–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12435.
Parish, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., & Floyd, F. (2004). Economic implications of caregiving at midlife: Comparing parents with and without children who have developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 42(6), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2004)42<413:EIOCAM>2.0.CO;2.
Parish, S. L., Rose, R. A., Swaine, J. G., Dahabnah, S., & Mayra, E. T. (2012). Financial well-being of single, working-age mothers of children with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(5), 400–412. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.5.400.
Reiss, S., Levitan, G. W., & Szyszko, J. (1982). Emotional disturbance and mental retardation: Diagnostic overshadowing. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 567–574.
Renner, L. M., & Boel-Studt, S. (2013). The relation between intimate partner violence, parenting stress, and child behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.12.005.
Reynolds, S., Bendixen, R., Lawrence, T., & Lane, S. (2011). A pilot study examining activity participation, sensory responsiveness, and competence in children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 41(11), 1496–1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1173-x.
Reynolds, A. M., Soke, G. N., Sabourin, K. R., Hepburn, S., Katz, T., Wiggins, L. D., Schieve, L. A., & Levy, S. E. (2019). Sleep problems in 2- to 5-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental delays. Pediatrics, 143(3), e20180492. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0492.
Rizo, C. F., Macy, R. J., Ermentrout, D. M., & Johns, N. B. (2011). A review of family interventions for intimate partner violence with a child focus or child component. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 144–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.004.
Roberts, A. L., Lyall, K., Rich-Edwards, J., Ascherio, A., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2015). Maternal exposure to intimate partner abuse before birth is associated with autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Autism, 20(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314566049.
Rude, H., Jackson, L., Correa, S., Luckner, J., Muir, S., & Ferrell, K. (2005). Perceived needs of students with low-incidence disabilities in rural areas. Special Education Quarterly, 24(3), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/875687050502400302.
Schaaf, R. C., Toth-Cohen, S., Johnson, S. L., Outten, G., & Benevides, T. W. (2011). The everyday routines of families of children with autism: Examining the impact of sensory processing difficulties on the family. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 15(3), 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361310386505.
Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Bradley, V. J., Buntinx, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. M., …Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification, and systems of supports (11th ed). Washington, DC: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schwarz, S. M. (2003). Feeding disorders in children with developmental disabilities. Infants & Young Children, 16, 317–330.
Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Floyd, F. J., Pettee, Y., & Hong, J. (2001). Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(3), 265–286.
Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F., Song, J., Greenberg, J., & Hong, J. (2011). Midlife and aging parents of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Impacts of lifelong parenting. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(6), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.6.479.
Sharp, W. G., Berry, R. C., McCracken, C., Nuhu, N. N., Marvel, E., Saulnier, C. A., … Jaquess, D. L. (2013). Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis and comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2159–2173.
Shattuck, P. T., & Parish, S. L. (2008). Financial burden in families of children with special health care needs: Variability among states. Pediatrics, 122, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3308.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–929. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.
Sousa, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., Moylan, C. A., Tajima, E. A., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence, parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510362883.
Stoner, J. B., Angell, M. E., House, J. J., & Bock, S. J. (2007). Transitions: Perspectives from parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19, 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9034-z.
Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1257–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00190-3.
Towe-Goodman, N. R., Stifter, C. A., Coccia, M. A., & Cox, M. J. (2011). Interparental aggression, attention skills, and early childhood behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 563–576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000216.
Turk, J., & Patton, M. (2000). Sensory impairment and head circumference in fragile X syndrome, down syndrome and idiopathic intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/132697800112785.
Udo, I. E., Sharps, P., Bronner, Y., & Hossain, M. B. (2016). Maternal intimate partner violence: Relationships with language and neurological development of infants and toddlers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(7), 1424–1431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-1940-1.
Welterlin, A., & LaRue, R. H. (2007). Serving the needs of immigrant families of children with autism. Disability & Society, 22(7), 747–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590701659600.
Williams, K. L., Kirby, A. V., Watson, L. R., Sideris, J., Bulluck, J., & Baranek, G. T. (2018). Sensory features as predictors of adaptive behaviors: A comparative longitudinal study of children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 81, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.07.002.
Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. J. (2003). The effects of children's exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024910416164.
Ybarra, G. J., Wilkens, S. L., & Lieberman, A. F. (2007). The influence of domestic violence on preschooler behavior and functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-006-9054-y.
Zablotsky, B., Black, L., Maenner, M., Schieve, L., Danielson, M., Bitsko, R., ... Boyle, C. (2019). Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the united states: 2009-2017. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20190811.https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0811.
Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., & Cox, M. (2016). Intimate partner violence, maternal gatekeeping, and child conduct problems. Family Relations, 65(5), 647–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12221.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rizo, C.F., Kim, I., Dababnah, S. et al. The Intersection of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities with Child Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for Research and Practice. J Fam Viol 35, 899–909 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00138-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00138-4