Abstract
Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) occasionally feed on Schouwia purpurea, a plant that contains tenfold higher levels of glucosinolates than most other Brassicaceae. Whereas this unusually high level of glucosinolates is expected to be toxic and/or deterrent to most insects, locusts feed on the plant with no apparent ill effects. In this paper, we demonstrate that the desert locust, like larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), possesses a glucosinolate sulfatase in the gut that hydrolyzes glucosinolates to their corresponding desulfonated forms. These are no longer susceptible to cleavage by myrosinase, thus eliminating the formation of toxic glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Sulfatase is found throughout the desert locust gut and can catalyze the hydrolysis of all of the glucosinolates present in S. purpurea. The enzyme was detected in all larval stages of locusts as well as in both male and female adults feeding on this plant species. Glucosinolate sulfatase activity is induced tenfold when locusts are fed S. purpurea after being maintained on a glucosinolate-free diet, and activity declines when glucosinolates are removed from the locust diet. A detoxification system that is sensitive to the dietary levels of a plant toxin may minimize the physiological costs of toxin processing, especially for a generalist insect herbivore that encounters large variations in plant defense metabolites while feeding on different species.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Karsten Seidelmann and Sigi Hertel for providing us with S. gregaria, Mohamed Lemine for the gift of S. purpurea seeds, Tamara Krügel and Andreas Weber for growing the plants, and Michael Reichelt for substrate preparation and maintenance of the HPLCs and GCs, as well as for helpful discussions. The Max Planck Society provided financial support.
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Falk, K.L., Gershenzon, J. The Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Detoxifies the Glucosinolates of Schouwia purpurea by Desulfation. J Chem Ecol 33, 1542–1555 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9331-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9331-0