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Chemical characteristics of particulate matters and their emission sources over Varanasi during winter season

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Abstract

The chemical composition of particulate matter impacts both human health and climate. In this study, the chemical characteristics of particulate matter was measured for four months (November 2016–February 2017) at Varanasi, which is located in the middle of the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB). The daily observed mean values of PM10 and PM2.5 are 134 ± 48 and 213 ± 80 μg/m3, respectively, which exceeds both national and international standards. The average value of PM2.5/PM10 ratio is 0.64 ± 0.16 which indicates a relatively higher fraction of fine particles that are attributed to anthropogenic emission sources (biomass/post-harvest burning) as corroborated by MODIS fire counts and back trajectory analysis. Ion chromatographic measurements showed that SO42−, Cl−, K+, NO3−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ are the major ionic species present in the aerosol. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM–EDX) analysis shows the prevalence of carbon-rich particles at Varanasi which is likely due to biomass burning and other anthropogenic sources.

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Acknowledgments

One of the authors Vineet Pratap is thankful to UGC MRP Scheme (P-01/717) for providing financial assistance in the form of providing the position of Project Fellow. The work is partially supported by ISRO, Bangalore under ISRO-SSPS to BHU and partially by DST, New Delhi under DST-PURSE Program. Work is also supported by SERB for the sanctioned project (PDF/2017/001898). One of the authors, Dr. Shani Tiwari is also grateful to Shandong University, China for the financial support under the International Postdoctoral Exchange Program. We are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India

    Vineet Pratap, Akhilesh Kumar, Shani Tiwari, Pradeep Kumar, Avneesh Kumar Tripathi & Abhay Kumar Singh

  2. Now at Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China

    Shani Tiwari

  3. DST - Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Avneesh Kumar Tripathi & Abhay Kumar Singh

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  1. Vineet Pratap
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  5. Avneesh Kumar Tripathi
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  6. Abhay Kumar Singh
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Correspondence to Shani Tiwari or Abhay Kumar Singh.

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Pratap, V., Kumar, A., Tiwari, S. et al. Chemical characteristics of particulate matters and their emission sources over Varanasi during winter season. J Atmos Chem 77, 83–99 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-020-09405-6

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