Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Influence of Functional Impairment in a Network of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Domains

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, we examined the unique associations between functional impairment and different psychopathology domains across childhood and adolescence. We examined whether functional impairment’s associations with psychopathological domains can offer important insights to understanding direct and indirect pathways for the co-occurrence among mental health difficulties across childhood and adolescence. From the population-based study Spit for Science, we included 5163 participants between the ages of 6 and 18.97 years (Mean age = 9.98, SD = 2.89) with parent/self-rated quantitative measures of psychopathology. We used network estimation to examine the unique associations among ratings of functional impairment, inattention, hyperactivity, autism, obsessions and compulsions, depression, anxiety, and irritability, while accounting for age effects. Bootstrapped difference tests of edges (partial correlations between two domains in a network) and node (domains/variable within a network) influence on network connectivity were conducted. In addition to domain specific associations, functional impairment-irritability and functional impairment-depression ratings were two of the strongest connections in the network. Overall, functional impairment and depression ratings had some of the highest centrality indices, in terms of their strength and number of direct and indirect connections. Age effects varied in the network with the positive age-depressive ratings connection being the strongest. This study demonstrates the importance of examining associations among psychopathology domains together with functional impairment to delineate important direct and indirect pathways for co-occurrence. We offer data driven hypotheses for impairment-related pathways and suggest important targets for intervention that can be examined in clinical research to mitigate comorbidities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this Article (after de-identification) can be made available for researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. Of note, the execution of such a proposal will require Research Ethics approval. Requests can be directed to the corresponding author. To gain access, those requesting access to the data will need to sign a data access agreement.

Notes

  1. We ran sensitivity analysis using a sample without siblings, where we only retained data from the eldest sibling to ensure the largest age range possible and developmental representation. The sample included 3857 participants between the ages of 6 and 18.97 years (Mean age = 10.40, SD = 2.99). The overall structure of the network and centrality results were also very similar to results reported with the full sample (see Table S2 and Figure S1 supplementary material).

  2. We estimated the network in girls and boys separately and tested its invariance. The results indicated that the networks were invariant (Network invariance test M = 0.14, p = .11) in girls and boys and thus have kept the analysis and our reporting at the level of the full sample. Further, we estimated separate networks for youth and parent report for the subsample of participants 13 years or older. The network invariance results indicated that the networks were invariant (Network invariance test M = 0.24, p = .55), and thus we keep the analysis and reporting at the level of the full sample.

References

  • Aitken, M., Haltigan, J. D., Szatmari, P., Dubicka, B., Fonagy, P., Kelvin, R., Midgley, N., Reynolds, S., Wilkinson, P. O., & Goodyer, I. M. (2020). Toward precision therapeutics: General and specific factors differentiate symptom change in depressed adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(9), 998–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association, & American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.

  • Anker, J. J., Forbes, M. K., Almquist, Z. W., Menk, J. S., Thuras, P., Unruh, A. S., & Kushner, M. G. (2017). A network approach to modeling comorbid internalizing and alcohol use disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 126(3), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000257

  • Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Allison, C. (2008). The autism spectrum quotient: Children’s Version (AQ-Child). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1230–1240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barcaccia, B., Cervin, M., Pozza, A., Medvedev, O. N., Baiocco, R., & Pallini, S. (2020). Mindfulness, self-compassion and attachment: A network analysis of psychopathology symptoms in adolescents. Mindfulness, 11(11), 2531–2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01466-8

  • Becker, K. D., Chorpita, B. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (2011). Improvement in symptoms versus functioning: How do our best treatments measure up? Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38(6), 440–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H. R., & Gould, M. S. (1995). The use of diagnostic instruments and global measures of functioning in child psychiatry epidemiological studies. In F. C. Verhulst & H. M. Koot (Eds.), The epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 86–103). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H. R., Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., & Gould, M. S. (1993). The columbia impairment scale (CIS): pilot findings on a measure of global impairment for children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research.

  • Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16, 5–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, C. L., Wright, L., Shan, J., Xiao, B., Dupuis, A., Goodale, T., Shaheen, S. M., Corfield, E. C., Arnold, P. D., Schachar, R. J., & Crosbie, J. (2019). SWAN scale for ADHD trait-based genetic research: A validity and polygenic risk study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 60(9), 988–997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, X., Wang, L., Cao, C., Fang, R., Chen, C., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Depicting the associations between different forms of psychopathology in trauma-exposed adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 827–837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleverley, K., Brennenstuhl, S., & Henderson, J. (2020). Measuring functional impairment: Preliminary psychometric properties of the columbia impairment Scale-Adolescent version with adolescent accessing services at an outpatient substance use programme. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 14(5), 535–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. R., Andrews, A. R., Davis, M. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018). Anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence: Testing theoretical models of continuity and discontinuity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(6), 1295–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0370-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. E., Adair, C. E., Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Colman, I., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J., Poulton, R., Jane Costello, E., & Angold, A. (2013). Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(7), 791–799.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and Development of Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837–844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1015–1025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E. J., He, J., Sampson, N. A., Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2014). Services for adolescents with psychiatric disorders: 12-month data from the national comorbidity Survey–Adolescent. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 65(3), 359–366.

  • Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., van der Maas, H. L., & Borsboom, D. (2010). Comorbidity: a network perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 137–150, discussion 150–93.

  • Crosbie, J., Arnold, P., Paterson, A., Swanson, J., Dupuis, A., Li, X., ... & Schachar, R. J. (2013). Response inhibition and ADHD traits: correlates and heritability in a community sample. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 41(3), 497–507.

  • Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 816–845. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034733

  • de Vries, M., & Geurts, H. (2015). Influence of autism traits and executive functioning on quality of life in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 2734–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2438-1

  • Dissanayake, A. S., Dupuis, A., Arnold, P., Burton, C., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R. J., & Levy, T. (2022). Heterogeneity of irritability: Psychometrics of the irritability and dysregulation of emotion scale (TIDES-13). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.08.22270624

  • Dougherty, L. R., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., Kessel, E., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2015). Preschool irritability predicts child psychopathology, functional impairment, and service use at age nine. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(9), 999–1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebesutani, C., Reise, S. P., Chorpita, B. F., Ale, C., Regan, J., Young, J., Higa-McMillan, C., & Weisz, J. R. (2012). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: Scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor. Psychological Assessment, 24(4), 833–845.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebesutani, C., Korathu-Larson, P., Nakamura, B. J., Higa-McMillan, C., & Chorpita, B. (2017). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale 25-Parent Version: Scale Development and Validation in a School-Based and Clinical Sample. Assessment, 24(6), 712–728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elia, J., Ambrosini, P., & Berrettini, W. (2008). ADHD characteristics: I. Concurrent co-morbidity patterns in children & adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), 1–9.

  • Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 617–634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. C., Burke, J. D., Roberts, M. C., Fite, P. J., Lochman, J. E., de la Peña, F. R., & Reed, G. M. (2017). Irritability in child and adolescent psychopathology: An integrative review for ICD-11. Clinical Psychology Review, 53, 29–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. C., Weisz, J. R., Carvalho, A. C., Garibaldi, P. M., Bearman, S. K., Chorpita, B. F., Research Network on Adolescent Mental Health, & The Research Network on Adolescent Mental Health. (2020). Effects of standard and modular psychotherapies in the treatment of adolescent with severe irritability. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(3), 255–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, T., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003). The british child and adolescent mental health survey 1999: The prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 1203–1211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, T., Macdiarmid, F., Russell, A. E., Racey, D., & Goodman, R. (2017). The predictors of persistent DSM-IV disorders in 3-year follow-ups of the british child and adolescent mental health surveys 1999 and 2004. Psychological Medicine, 47(6), 1126–1137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2017). Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funkhouser, C. J., Chacko, A. A., Correa, K. A., Kaiser, A. J. E., & Shankman, S. A. (2021). Unique longitudinal relationships between symptoms of psychopathology in youth: A cross‐lagged panel network analysis in the ABCD study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13256

  • Galera, C., Orri, M., Vergunst, F., Melchior, M., Van der Waerden, J., Bouvard, M. P., Collet, O., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Côté, S. M. (2021). Developmental profiles of childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and irritability: Association with adolescent mental health, functional impairment, and suicidal outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(2), 232–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13270

  • Garber, J., & Weersing, V. R. (2010). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in adolescent: Implications for treatment and prevention. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(4), 293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, S. J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2010). Burden of psychiatric disorder in young adulthood and life outcomes at age 30. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjevik, E., Eldevik, S., Fjæran-Granum, T., & Sponheim, E. (2011). Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(6), 761–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graetz, B. W., Sawyer, M. G., Hazell, P. L., Arney, F., & Baghurst, P. (2001). Validity of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a nationally representative sample of Australian children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(12), 1410–1417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groen, R. N., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Hartman, C. A. (2019). Specificity of psychopathology across levels of severity: A transdiagnostic network analysis. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 18298–18310.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Minor, B. L., Elliott, V., Fernandez, M., O’Neal, L., … & REDCap Consortium. (2019). The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 95, 103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmeijer-Sevink, M. K., Batelaan, N. M., van Megen, H. J., Penninx, B. W., Cath, D. C., van den Hout, M. A., & van Balkom, A. J. (2012). Clinical relevance of comorbidity in anxiety disorders: A report from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Journal of Affective Disorders, 137, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, J. R., Cuffe, S. P., Cai, B., Visser, S. N., Forthofer, M. S., Bottai, M., Ortaglia, A., & McKeown, R. E. (2016). Persistence of Parent-Reported ADHD Symptoms From Childhood Through Adolescence in a Community Sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(1), 11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, K. L., Schouboe, S. N. F., Kircanski, K., Leibenluft, E., Stringaris, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019). Irritability, externalizing, and internalizing psychopathology in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations and moderation by sex. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(5), 781–789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imperiale, M. N., Lieb, R., Calkins, M. E., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2021). Multimorbidity networks of mental disorder symptom domains across psychopathology severity levels in community adolescent. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 141, 267–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, C. M., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2015). Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 7(1), 27–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Georgiades, K., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., He, J., Koretz, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(4), 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klaufus, L. H., Verlinden, E., Van der Wal, M. F., Cuijpers, P., Chinapaw, M. J., & Boschloo, L. (2022). Exploring the association of age with depressive symptomatology in childhood and adolescence: a network study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1–11.

  • Kircanski, K., Clayton, M. E., Leibenluft, E., & Brotman, M. A. (2018). Psychosocial Treatment of Irritability in Adolescent. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 5(1), 129–140.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzone, L., Postorino, V., De Peppo, L., Fatta, L., Lucarelli, V., Reale, L., ... & Vicari, S. (2013). Mood symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in developmental disabilities, 34(11), 3699–3708.

  • McElroy, E., Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., & McBride, O. (2018). Co-occurring internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A network approach. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(11), 1449–1457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, R. J. (2016). Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., Ph.D, He, J., M.Sc, Burstein, M., Ph.D, Swanson, S. A., Sc.M, Avenevoli, S., Ph.D, Cui, L., M.Sc, Benjet, C., Ph.D, Georgiades, K., Ph.D, & Swendsen, J., Ph.D. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey Replication–Adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.

  • Nagar, S., Sherer, J. T., Chen, H., & Aparasu, R. R. (2010). Extent of functional impairment in children and adolescents with depression. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 26(9), 2057–2064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(8), 868–876.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ormel, J., Raven, D., Van Oort, F., Hartman, C. A., Reijneveld, S. A., Veenstra, R., Vollebergh, W. A. M., Buitelaar, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2015). Mental health in Dutch adolescents: A TRAILS report on prevalence, severity, age of onset, continuity and co-morbidity of DSM disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45(2), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, L., Burton, C. L., Dupuis, A., Shan, J., Storch, E., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R., & Arnold, P. D. (2016). The Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Psychometrics of a Dimensional Measure of Obsessive-Compulsive Traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(4), 310–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peris, T. S., Rozenman, M., Bergman, R. L., Chang, S., O’Neill, J., & Piacentini, J. (2017). Developmental and clinical predictors of comorbidity for adolescent with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 93, 72–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinaugh, D. J., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Toner, E. R., & Borsboom, D. (2020, 2019). The network approach to psychopathology: A review of the literature 2008–2018 and an agenda for future research. Psychological Medicine, 50(3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003404

  • RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA URL http://www.rstudio.com/

  • Sasser, T., Schoenfelder, E. N., & Stein, M. A. (2017). Targeting functional impairments in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Drugs, 31(2), 97–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., Morgan, J. R., & Murphy, T. K. (2010). The role of comorbid disruptive behavior in the clinical expression of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(12), 1204–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.09.004

  • Stringaris, A., Vidal-Ribas, P., Brotman, M. A., & Leibenluft, E. (2018). Practitioner review: Definition, recognition, and treatment challenges of irritability in young people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(7), 721–739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Schuck, S., Porter, M. M., Carlson, C., Hartman, C. A., Sergeant, J. A., . . . & Wigal, T. (2012). Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: History of the SNAP and the SWAN Rating Scales. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10, 51–70.

  • van Loo, H., & Romeijn, J. (2015). Psychiatric comorbidity: Fact or artifact? Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 36(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-015-9321-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vergunst, F., Tremblay, R. E., Galera, C., Nagin, D., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., & Côté, S. M. (2019). Multi-rater developmental trajectories of hyperactivity–impulsivity and inattention symptoms from 1.5 to 17 years: a population-based birth cohort study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(7), 973–983.

  • Vidal-Ribas, P., & MSc, Brotman, M. A., PhD, Valdivieso, I., MSc, Leibenluft, E., MD, & Stringaris, Argyris, MD, PhD, MRCPsych. (2016). The status of irritability in psychiatry: A conceptual and quantitative review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(7), 556–570.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-159462 and PJT-165876 awarded to Crosbie).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

    Jala Rizeq

  2. Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada

    Christie L. Burton, Paul D. Arnold & Jennifer Crosbie

  3. The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

    Paul D. Arnold

  4. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Jennifer Crosbie

Authors
  1. Jala Rizeq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christie L. Burton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paul D. Arnold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jennifer Crosbie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors were involved in the conceptualization of the study. Rizeq conducted all data cleaning and analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors were involved in editing and finalizing of the manuscript. Burton, Arnold and Crosbie (PI) were involved in funding and data collection.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer Crosbie.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

The authors report there are no financial or competing interests to declare. Informed consent, and assent where applicable, were obtained using a protocol approved by the local Research Ethics Board at the Hospital for Sick Children.

Disclosure Statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 119 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rizeq, J., Burton, C.L., Arnold, P.D. et al. The Influence of Functional Impairment in a Network of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Domains. J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10100-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10100-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation