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Identifying Shared Latent Dimensions of Psychological Symptoms: Implications for the Psychological Correlates of Smoking

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Abstract

Shared latent dimensions may account for the co-occurrence of multiple forms of psychological dysfunction. However, this conceptualization has rarely been integrated into the smoking literature, despite high levels of psychological symptoms in smokers. In this study, we used confirmatory factor analysis to compare three models (1-factor, 2-factor [internalizing-externalizing], and 3-factor [low positive affect-negative affect-disinhibition]) of relations among nine measures of affective and behavioral symptoms implicated in smoking spanning depression, anxiety, happiness, anhedonia, ADHD, aggression, and alcohol use disorder symptoms. We then examined associations of scores from each of the manifest scales and the latent factors from the best-fitting model to several smoking characteristics (i.e., experimentation, lifetime established smoking [≥100 cigarettes lifetime], age of smoking onset, cigarettes/day, nicotine dependence, and past nicotine withdrawal). We used two samples: (1) College Students (N =288; mean age =20; 75 % female) and (2) Adult Daily Smokers (N=338; mean age=44; 32 % female). In both samples, the 3-factor model separating latent dimensions of deficient positive affect, negative affect, and disinhibition fit best. In the college students, the disinhibition factor and its respective indicators significantly associated with lifetime smoking. In the daily smokers, low positive and high negative affect factors and their respective indicators positively associated with cigarettes/day and nicotine withdrawal symptom severity. These findings suggest that shared features of psychological symptoms may be parsimonious explanations of how multiple manifestations of psychological dysfunction play a role in smoking. Implications for research and treatment of co-occurring psychological symptoms and smoking are discussed.

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Funding

This research was supported by National Institute of Health grants T32-CA009492 and R01-DA026831

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All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committe and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street CSA 240, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Katherine J. Ameringer, Chih-Ping Chou, Steve Sussman, Jennifer B. Unger & Adam M. Leventhal

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  1. Katherine J. Ameringer
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Ameringer, K.J., Chou, CP., Sussman, S. et al. Identifying Shared Latent Dimensions of Psychological Symptoms: Implications for the Psychological Correlates of Smoking. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37, 454–468 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9467-5

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