Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Cross-Temporal Associations between Rumination Subtypes and Substance Use in Adolescence: Exploring the Moderating Role of Gender

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Several studies have linked rumination to substance use. However, only one study thus far has focused on the differential associations between the subtypes of rumination (brooding and reflection) and substance use. This previous study was cross-sectional in nature, so less is known about how these variables are related across time. To address this issue, the present three-wave longitudinal study investigated the cross-temporal associations between subtypes of rumination, alcohol consumption, drug consumption and substance use problems, using cross-lagged path analyses. In addition, the study investigated whether the cross-lagged paths of interest were moderated by gender. The sample consisted of 309 adolescents (62.1 % boys) between the ages of 13 to 20 years old (M age at T1 = 16.82 years, SD = 1.32). Results indicated that substance use problems predicted increases in levels of brooding and reflection over time. These effects were moderated by gender so that substance use problems only predicted increases in levels of brooding and reflection in girls. In contrast to our expectations, higher levels of brooding predicted a decrease in alcohol consumption over time, and this effect was not moderated by gender. Cross-lagged analyses also showed that alcohol consumption predicted an increase in substance use problems. All results emerged independently of depressive symptoms. The findings of the present study add to the growing body of literature on the associations between rumination subtypes and substance use in adolescence, and highlight the importance of using longitudinal designs to address the issue of directionality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aertgeerts, B., Buntinx, F., Bande-Knops, J., Vandermeulen, C., Roelants, M., Ansoms, S., et al. (2000). The value of CAGE, CUGE and AUDIT in screening for alcohol abuse and dependence among college freshmen. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 53–57. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04553.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, A. H., Bergman, H., Palmstierna, T., & Schlyter, F. (2005). Evaluation of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) in criminal justice and detoxification settings and in a Swedish population sample. European Addiction Research, 11, 22–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrow-Sanchez, J. (2006). Understanding adolescent substance abuse: prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84, 283–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 56–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli, G., Bortolai, C., Leoni, M., Rovetto, F., & Spada, M. M. (2008). Rumination in problem drinkers. Addiction Research & Theory, 16, 564–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli, G., Ferretti, C., Leoni, M., Rebecchi, D., Rovetto, F., & Spada, M. M. (2010). Rumination as a predictor of drinking behaviour in alcohol abusers: A prospective study. Addiction, 105, 1041–1048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., & Jacobson, C. K. (2012). Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: gender and racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 154–163.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciesla, J. A., Dickson, K. S., Anderson, N. L., & Neal, D. J. (2011). Negative repetitive thought and college drinking: Angry rumination, depressive rumination, co-rumination, and worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 142–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: a period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak, R., Simons, J., & Wray, T. (2011). Impulsivity moderates the association between depressive rumination and number of quit attempt failures by smokers. Addiction Research and Theory, 19, 283–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field, A. (2008). Regression. In A. Field (Ed.), Discovering statistics using SPSS (pp. 197–263). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frissell, K. C., McCarthy, D. M., D’Amico, E. J., Metrik, J., Ellingstad, T. P., & Brown, S. A. (2004). Impact of consent procedures on reported levels of adolescent alcohol use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 307–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginzler, J. A., Garrett, S. B., Baer, J. S., & Peterson, P. L. (2007). Measurement of negative consequences of substance use in street youth: an expanded use of the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1519–1525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, J. G. (1981). A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 586–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klimstra, T. A., William, J. A., Hale, W. W., III, Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between Personality traits and problem behavior symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 273–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, D., Schuck, N., Smith, N., Farmer, A., & Chekley, S. (2003). Response style, interpersonal difficulties, and social functioning in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75, 279–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Harrell, Z. A. (2002). Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly (Special Issue on Rumination), 16, 391–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 198–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raes, F. (2010). Ruminating and worrying as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 757–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raes, F., & Williams, M. G. (2010). The relationship between mindfulness and uncontrollability of ruminative thinking. Mindfulness. doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0021-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2007). The alcohol use disorder identification test: An update of research findings. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 185–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. Von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variable analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399–419). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2010). Brooding and reflection as subtypes of rumination: Evidence from confirmatory factor analysis in nonclinical samples using the Dutch Ruminative Response Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 609–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shedler, J., & Block, J. (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist, 45, 612–630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siebenbruner, J., Englund, M. M., Egeland, B., & Hudson, K. (2006). Developmental antecedents of late adolescence substance use patterns. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 551–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skitch, S. A., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2008). Rumination in response to stress as a common vulnerability factor to depression and substance misuse in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1029–1045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, J. B. (2006). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick & L. S. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (5th ed., pp. 653–771). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Does, A. J. W. (2002). Handleiding bij de Nederlandse bewerking van de BDI-II. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation/Swets test Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M. W., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2010). Brooding and reflection as components of rumination in late childhood. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 367–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E., Scott, J., Wingrove, J., Rimes, K., Bathurst, N., Steiner, H., et al. (2007). Rumination-focused cognitive behavior therapy for residual depression: A case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2144–2154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 30–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiers, R. W., van de Luitgaarden, J., van den Wildenberg, E., & Smulders, F. T. Y. (2005). Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction, 100, 806–819.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willem, L., Bijttebier, P., Claes, L., & Raes, F. (2011). Rumination Subtypes in Relation to Problematic Substance Use in Adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 695–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., & Dishion, T. J. (2004). Temperament and adolescent substance use: A transactional analysis of emerging self-control. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 69–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D., Henly, G. A., & Schwartz, R. H. (1990). Validity of adolescent self-report of alcohol and other drug involvement. Substance Use & Misuse, 25, 1379–1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, P., Hoven, C. W., Okezie, N., Fuller, C. J., & Cohen, P. (2008). Alcohol abuse and depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 17, 51–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Lore Willem, Patricia Bijttebier, Laurence Claes, Janne Vanhalst & Filip Raes

Authors
  1. Lore Willem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patricia Bijttebier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Laurence Claes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Janne Vanhalst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Filip Raes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lore Willem.

Additional information

The study was supported by Grant G.0357.08 from the Fund of Scientific Research-Flanders to Patricia Bijttebier and Laurence Claes.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Willem, L., Bijttebier, P., Claes, L. et al. The Cross-Temporal Associations between Rumination Subtypes and Substance Use in Adolescence: Exploring the Moderating Role of Gender. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 36, 143–154 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9373-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9373-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation