Abstract
The impact of calcination temperature on the structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of Ni0.6Mg0.2Co0.2FeCrO4 spinel ferrites was investigated in this work. The sol–gel method was used to prepare two different samples (S850 and S950) at calcination temperatures of 850 °C and 950 °C, respectively. We used thermogravimetric analysis to investigate weight loss versus temperature and spinel phase formation. The average grain size and unit cell parameters increased with increasing calcination temperature. Grain and grain boundary contributions were found to govern the conduction process in the samples, as shown by Nyquist diagram modeling. The impedance and modulus curves revealed that the samples present dielectric relaxation phenomenon with non-Debye type. The CBH model has been used to explain the conduction process. As the grain size increased with rising calcination temperature, the activation energies decreased from 0.18 to 0.12 eV for S850 and S950, respectively. The conductivity isotherms were found to be almost merged into a single master curve according to Summerfield scaling. The high electrical resistivity of the Ni0.6Mg0.2Co0.2FeCrO4 samples makes them suitable for use in microwave absorption devices. Furthermore, the samples show low dielectric constants and dielectric losses at higher frequencies which is beneficial for their use in high-frequency applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The corresponding author is willing to provide the data that support this study upon a reasonable request.
References
M.A. Mahdi, S.R. Yousefi, L.S. Jasim, M.S. Niasari, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 47, 14319 (2022)
S.R. Yousefi, M. Ghanbari, O. Amiri, Z. Marzhoseyni, P. Mehdizadeh, M.H. Oghaz, M.S. Niasari, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 104, 2952 (2021)
S.R. Yousefi, H.A. Alshamsi, O. Amiri, M.S. Niasari, J. Mol. Liq. 337, 116405 (2021)
S.R. Yousefi, A. Sobhani, H.A. Alshamsic, M.S. Niasar, RSC Adv. 11, 11500 (2021)
K. Huang, J. Liu, L. Wang, G. Chang, R. Wang, M. Lei, Y. Wang, Y. He, Appl. Surf. Sci. 487, 1145 (2019)
K.K. Kefeni, B.B. Mamba, T.A.M. Msagati, Sep. Purif. Technol. 188, 399 (2017)
S.T. Fardood, R. Forootan, F. Moradnia, Z. Afshari, A. Ramazani, Mater. Res. Express 7, 015086 (2020)
S.R. Yousefi, D. Ghanbari, M.S. Niasari, M. Hassanpour, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 27, 1244 (2016)
S.R. Yousefi, D. Ghanbari, M.S. Niasari, J. Nanostruct. 6, 77 (2016)
P. Mehdizadeh, M. Jamdar, M.A. Mahdi, W.K. Abdulsahib, L.S. Jasim, S.R. Yousefi, M.S. Niasari, Arab. J. Chem. 16, 104579 (2023)
Y. Gao, Y. Wu, H. Lu, C. Chen, Y. Liu, X. Bai, L. Yang, W.W. Yu, Q. Dai, Y. Zhang, Nano Energy 59, 517 (2019)
S.A. Kulkarni, S.G. Mhaisalkar, N. Mathews, P.P. Boix, Small methods 3, 1800231 (2019)
Y.D. Kolekar, L. Sanchez, E.J. Rubio, C.V. Ramana, Solid State Commun. 184, 34 (2014)
R. Nongjai, S. Khan, K. Asokan, H. Ahmed, I. Khan, J App Phys. 112, 084321 (2012)
Z. Gao, B. Xua, M. Ma, A. Feng, Y. Zhang, X. Liu et al., Composite B 179, 107417 (2019)
J. Wanga, B. Wang, A. Feng, Z. Jia, G. Wu, J Alloys Compd. 834, 155092 (2020)
X. Zhou, C. Zhang, M. Zhang, A. Feng, S. Qu, Y. Zhang et al., Composite A 127, 105627 (2019)
G. Wu, Y. Cheng, Z. Yang, Z. Jia, H. Wu, L. Yang et al., Chem. Eng. J. 333, 519 (2018)
E. Oumezzine, S. Hcini, M. Baazaoui, E.K. Hlil, M. Oumezzine, Powder Technol. 278, 189 (2015)
S.R. Yousefi, O. Amiri, M. Salavati-Niasari, Ultrason. Sonochem. 58, 104619 (2019)
W. Zhang, A. Sun, X. Zhao, X. Pan, Y. Han, N. Suo et al., J Alloys Compd. 816, 152501 (2020)
J. Pei, Z. Wang, Y. Gao, H. Zhang, Curr. Appl. Phys. 19, 440 (2019)
E. Oumezzine, S. Hcini, E.K. Hlil, E. Dhahri, M. Oumezzine, J. Alloys Compd. 615, 553 (2014)
P.P. Hankare, S.D. Jadhav, U.B. Sankpal, S.S. Chavan, K.J. Waghmare, B.K. Chougule, J. Alloys Compd. 475, 926 (2009)
S.A.S. Ebrahimi, S.M. Masoudpanah, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 357, 77 (2014)
N. Kouki, S. Hcini, M. Boudard, R. Aldawasa, A. Dhahri, RSC Adv. 9, 1990 (2019)
S. Hcini, N. Kouki, A. Omri, A. Dhahri, M.L. Bouazizi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 464, 91 (2018)
S.R. Yousefi, M. Masjedi-Arani, M.S. Morassaei, M. Salavati-Niasari, H. Moayedi, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 44, 24005 (2019)
N. Mechi, A. Mallah, S. Hcini, M.L. Bouazizi, M. Boudard, A. Dhahri, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 33, 1547 (2020)
F. Hcini, S. Hcini, B. Alzahrani, S. Zemni, M.L. Bouazizi, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 31, 14986 (2020)
Y.Ş Asar, Ö. Sevgili, Ş Altındal, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 34, 893 (2023)
İ Taşçıoğlu, Ö. Sevgili, Y. Azizian-Kalandaragh, Ş Altındal, J. Electron. Mater. 49, 3720 (2020)
Ö. Sevgili, Y. Azizian-Kalandaragh, Ş Altındal, Physica B 587, 412122 (2020)
A. Hakeem, T. Alshahrani, G. Muhammad, M.H. Alhossainy, A. Laref, A.R. Khan, I. Ali, H.M.T. Farid, T. Ghrib, S.R. Ejaz, R.Y. Khosa, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 11, 158 (2021)
K.Y. Butt, S. Aman, A.A. AlObaid, T.I. Al-Muhimeed, A. Rehman, H.H. Hegazy, N. Ahmad, A.R. Khan, S.R. Ejaz, H.M.T. Farid, Appl. Phys. A 127, 714 (2021)
E.J.W. Verwey, J.H. De Boer, Rec. Trans. Chim. Des Pays-Bas. 55, 531 (1936)
K.M. Batoo, M.S. Abd El-Sadek, J. Alloys Compd. 566, 112 (2013)
M.A. Gabal, J. Phys. Chem. Sol. 64, 1375 (2003)
M. Anis-ur-Rehman, G. Asghar, J. Alloys Compd. 509, 435 (2011)
A. Lakshman, P.S.V.S. Rao, B.P. Rao, B.P. Rao, K.H. Rao, J. Phys. D 38, 673 (2005)
M. Hashim, Alimuddin, S. Kumar, S.E. Shirsath, R.K. Kotnala, H. Chung, and R. Kumar, Powder Technol. 229, 37 (2012).
M. Naeem, N.A. Shahb, I.H. Gul, A. Maqsood, J. Alloys Compd. 487, 739 (2009)
H. Moradmard, S.F. Shayesteh, P. Tohidi, Z. Abbas, M. Khaleghi, J. Alloys Compd. 650, 116 (2015)
L.J. Berchmans, R. KalaiSelvan, P.N.S. Kumar, C.O. Augustin, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 279, 103 (2004)
M.A. Gabal, Y.M. Al Angari, H.M. Zaki, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 363, 6 (2014)
M.A. El Hiti, J. Phys. D 29, 501 (1996)
M. Hashim, S.S. Meena, R.K. Kotnala, S.E. Shirsath, A.S. Roy, A. Parveen, P. Bhatt, S. Kumar, R.B. Jotania, R. Kumar, Alimuddin, J. Alloys Compd. 602, 150 (2014)
A.K.M.A. Hossain, M.R. Amin, H. Tanaka, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 334, 124 (2013)
M.A. El Hiti, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 164, 187 (1996)
M.H. Dhaou, Phase Transit. 91, 586 (2018)
S.B. Somvanshi, M.V. Khedkar, P.B. Kharat, K.M. Jadhav, Ceram Int. 46, 8640 (2020)
H.M. Rietveld, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2, 65 (1969)
R.P. Patil, P.P. Hankare, K.M. Garadkar, R. Sasikala, J. Alloys Compd. 523, 66 (2012)
M. Rahimi, P. Kameli, M. Ranjbar, H. Salamati, J. Nanopart. Res. 15, 1865 (2013)
A. Gholizadeh, E. Jafari, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 422, 328 (2017)
S. Hcini, A. Omri, M. Boudard, M.L. Bouazizi, A. Dhahri, K. Touileb, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 29, 6879 (2018)
N. Elghoul, M. Wali, S. Kraiem, H. Rahmouni, E. Dhahri, K. Khirouni, Physica B 478, 108 (2015)
M.H. Dhaou, S. Hcini, A. Mallah, M.L. Bouazizi, A. Jemni, Appl. Phys. A 123, 8 (2017)
N. Hamdaoui, Y. Azizian-Kalandaragh, M. Khlifi, L. Beji, Ceram. Int. 45, 16458 (2019)
D. Johnson, ZView: A Software Program for IES Analysis. Version 2.8 (Scribner Associates Inc., Southern Pines, 2008)
R. Charguia, S. Hcini, M. Boudard, A. Dhahri, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 30, 2975 (2019)
M.K. Raju, M.R. Raju, K. Samatha, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 17, 1075 (2015)
A. Candan, A.K. Kushwah, Mater. Today Commun. 27, 102246 (2021)
A.R. Chavan, J.S. Kounsalye, R.R. Chilwar, S.B. Kale, K.M. Jadhav, J. Alloys Compd. 769, 1132 (2018)
K.W. Wagner, Ann. Phys. 40, 817 (1913)
C.G. Koops, Phys. Rev. 83, 121 (1951)
M. Junaid, I. Kousar, S. Gulbadan, M.A. Khan, M.A. Yousuf, M.M. Baig et al., Physica B 641, 414120 (2022)
K. Hussain, N. Amin, M.I. Arshad, Ceram. Int. 47, 3401 (2021)
X. Guo, W. Sigle, J. Fleig, J. Maier, Solid State Ion. 154–155, 555 (2002)
R.N. Bhowmik, A.G. Lone, J. Alloys Compd. 680, 31 (2016)
B. Li, Z. Liu, Y.D. Liu, Y. Liang, Polymer 256, 125201 (2022)
M. Hsini, N. Hamdaoui, S. Hcini, M.L. Bouazizi, S. Zemni, L. Beji, Phase Transit. 91, 316 (2018)
K. Naz, J.K. Khan, M. Khalid, M.S. Akhtar, Z.A. Gilani, H.M.N.H.K. Asghar et al., Mater. Chem. Phys. 285, 6091 (2022)
R. Bergman, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 1356 (2000)
K.S. Rao, P.M. Krishna, D.M. Prasad, D. Gangadharudu, J. Mater. Sci. 42, 4801 (2007)
N. Ponpandian, P. Balaya, A. Narayanasamy, J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 14, 3221 (2002)
K. Jonscher, Nature 267, 673 (1977)
K. Funke, Prog. Solid State Chem. 22, 111 (1993)
I. Sadiq, S. Naseem, M.N. Ashiq, M.A. Khan, S. Niaz, M.U. Rana, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 25, 419 (2015)
M.B. Shelar, P.A. Jadhav, S.S. Chougule, M.M. Mallapur, B.K. Chougule, J. Alloy. Compd. 476(1), 760 (2009)
P. Chavan, L.R. Naik, Phys. Status Solidi A 214, 1700077 (2017)
Y.Z. Wang, G.W. Qiao, X.D. Liu, B.Z. Ding, Z.Q. Hu, Mater. Lett. 17, 152 (1993)
M.B. Bechir, K. Karoui, M. Tabellout, K. Guidara, A.B. Rhaiem, J. Appl. Phys. 115, 203712 (2014)
S. Hcini, S. Khadhraoui, A. Triki, S. Zemni, M. Boudard, M. Oumezzine, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 27, 195 (2013)
S.R. Yousefi, A. Sobhani, M. Salavati-Niasari, Adv. Powder Technol. 28, 1258 (2017)
A. Sutka, S. Lagzdina, G. Mezinskis, A. Pludons, I. Vitina, L. Timma, I.O.P. Conf, Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 25, 012019 (2011)
N. Hamdaoui, Y.A. Kalandaragh, M. Khlifi, L. Beji, J. Alloys Compd. 803, 964 (2019)
A. Ghosh, A. Pan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2188 (2000)
S. Summerfield, Philos. Mag. Part B 52, 22 (1985)
P.S. Raghvendra, O. Parkash, D. Kuma, Phys. Rev. B 84, 174306 (2011)
B. Roling, A. Happe, K. Funke, M.D. Ingram, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2160 (1997)
Acknowledgements
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (IF2/PSAU/2022/01/22494).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors confirm their participation in the conception, analysis, design, writing, and revision of the article, and that they have read and endorsed the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bouazizi, M.L., Hcini, S., Khirouni, K. et al. Impact of calcination temperature on the structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of sol–gel synthesized Ni0.6Mg0.2Co0.2FeCrO4 spinel ferrites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 1673 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-11048-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-11048-8