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Low-temperature composite hydroxide-mediated (CHM) novel approach toward ZnO ceramic: investigation of structural and dielectric properties

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Abstract

Low-temperature ZnO has been synthesized using a single-step composite hydroxide-mediated (CHM) technique. The prepared sample is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural confirmation, where average crystallite size is found to be around 15 nm. The obtained results are interpreted for the calculation of X-ray and dislocation densities. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) results shows uniform spherical shape, narrow size distribution. Using Image J Software, an average grain and diameter sizes of 13–45 nm and 35 nm, respectively is measured. The dielectric behavior of the prepared sample reveals the high dielectric constant (ε′) > 103 at low frequency (∼100 Hz) with low dielectric loss caused due to the grain, grain boundary, and close intimate contact. The orientational and interfacial polarization of the (Zn2+-VO) dipoles boosted due to the interaction between ZnO granules; as a result, dielectric constant (ε′) increases with increasing temperature, meanwhile rise in frequency drops the dielectric loss. The improved dielectric constant due to the enhanced Maxwell–Wagner relaxation is because of the sintering technique which makes the ZnO a suitable material for high dielectric constant practical applications. This approach opens up a new horizon of exploring outstanding dielectric characteristics. The activation energy values of conductivity, 1.39 eV, 1.40 eV, and 1.68 eV, are calculated from the slope of linear regions on the SPH (Small Polaron Hopping Model) plot for the heating curve that corresponds to the total resistance, grain boundary resistance, and bulk resistance, respectively.

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge the support of Department of Physics, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan, and Polymer Composite Group (PCG), PINSTECH Islamabad, Pakistan.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support is received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rafi & G. Uzma

  2. Polymer Composite Group (PCG), PINSTECH, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rafi & Muhammad Nadeem

  3. Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China

    Muhammad Arfan & Zahoor Ahmad

  4. Materials Division, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College (NILOP-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Rashad Rashid

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  1. Muhammad Rafi
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Contributions

MR contributed to investigation, experimentation, and writing the original draft. GU contributed to Envision and Supervision, resources, review, and editing. MA contributed to methodology, validation, and formal analysis. RR contributed to resources and formal analysis. ZA contributed to resources and reviews validation. MN contributed to conceptualization, resources, review, and editing.

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Correspondence to G. Uzma.

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Rafi, M., Uzma, G., Arfan, M. et al. Low-temperature composite hydroxide-mediated (CHM) novel approach toward ZnO ceramic: investigation of structural and dielectric properties. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 34, 578 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-09940-4

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