Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Investigation of N–S-based graphene quantum dot on sodium alginate with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) biopolymer electrolyte for the application of electrochemical devices

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The development of high ion conducting membrane is in need of present time for efficient battery. The aim of this study is to develop a proton conducting polymer electrolyte using biopolymer sodium alginate (SA) with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) salt using solution casting technique. Addition of graphene quantum dot (GQD) with the highest conducting polymer electrolyte resulted with the increase in ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte. The prepared composition of SA: NH4SCN analyzed through XRD, FTIR, DSC, Ac impedance technique, LSV. SEM and TGA studies have been undertaken. The amorphous/crystalline natures of the obtained electrolytes were studied using the XRD technique. FTIR confirm the complex formation of salt and polymer. The glass transition temperature Tg has been obtained with the help of DSC. The highest proton conductivity of 8.72 × 10–3 S cm−1 has been obtained for the composition of 30 M.wt%SA: 70 M.wt%NH4SCN. The ionic conductivity has been improved to 2.22 × 10–2 S cm−1 duo to the addition of 0.75 ml GQD with 30 M.wt%SA: 70 M.wt%NH4SCN biopolymer electrolyte. Transference number analysis has been done using the Wagner’s polarization technique. Electrochemical stability value of 2.17 V (without GQD) and 2.83 V (with GQD) has been obtained using LSV. Proton conducting battery has been constructed using highest conducting biopolymer electrolyte and the open circuit voltage of 1.45 V (without GQD) and 1.48 V (with GQD) has been obtained. Construction of a single fuel cell has been made using highest proton conducting membrane providing an open circuit voltage 431 mV (without GQD) and 514 mV (with GQD).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig.6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig.11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available [still the paper is not to be published]. But the data available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Y.H. Liu, L.Q. Zhu, Y. Shi, Q. Wan, Proton conducting sodium alginate electrolyte laterally coupled low- voltage oxide—based transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett 104(133504), 1–4 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4870078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Gao, K. Lian, Proton-conducting polymer electrolytes and their applications in solid supercapacitors a review. J. RSC Adv. 4, 33091–33113 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA05151C

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. A.F. Fuzlin, M.A. Saadiah, Y. Yao, Y. Nagao, A.S. Samsudin, Enhancing proton conductivity of sodium alginate doped with glycolic acid in bio-based polymer electrolytes system. J. Polym. Res. 27(207), 1–16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02142-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A.F. Fuzlin, Y. Nagao, I.I. Misnon, A.S. Samsudin, Studies on structural and ionic transport in biopolymer electrolytes based alginate. Libr. Ionics 26, 1923–1938 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03386-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Selvalakshmi, T. Mathavan, S. Selvasekarapandian, M. Premalatha, Effect of ethylene carbonate plasticizer on agar-agar: NH4Br- based solid polymer electrolytes. J. Ionics 24, 2209–2217 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2417-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S.K. Vishaka, D.B. Kishor, S.R. Sudha, Natural polymers—a comprehensive review. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 3(4), 1597–1613 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Manjuladevi, P.C. Selvin, S. Selvasekarapandian, R. Shilpa, V. Moniha, Lithium ion conducting biopolymer electrolyte based on pectin doped with lithium nitrate. AIP 1942(140075), 1–4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Premalatha, T. Mathavan, S. Selvasekarapandian, S. Monisha, S. Selvalakshmi, D.V. Pandi, Tamarind seed polysaccharide based li-ion conducting membranes. J. Ionics 23, 2677–2684 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2541-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. V. Moniha, M. Alagar, S. Selvasekarapandian, B. Sundaresan, G. Boopathi, Conductive bio-polymer electrolyte i-carrageenan with ammonium nitrate for application in electrochemical devices. J. Non-Crystalline Solids 481, 424–434 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.11.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. G.N. Devi, S. Chithra, S. Selvasekarapandian, M. Premalatha, S. Monisha, J. Saranya, Synthesis and characterization of dextrin based polymer electrolytes for potential applications in energy storage devices. J. Ionics 23, 3377–3388 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2135-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. N. Shaari, S.K. Kamarudin, S. Basri, L.K. Shyuan, M.S. Masdar, D. Nordin, Enhanced mechanical flexibility and performance of sodium alginate polymer electrolyte bio-membrane for application in direct methanol fuel cell proton conductivity. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 135, 46666 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. O.S. Reddy, M.C.S. Subha, T. Jithendra, C. Madhavi, K.C. Rao, Curcumin encapsulated dual cross linked sodium alginate/montmorillonite polymeric composite beads for controlled drug delivery. J. Pharm. Anal. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.002

  13. P.R.S. Reddy, K. Madhusudana, K.S.V.K. Rao, Y. Shchipunov, H. Chang-Sik, Synthesis of alginate based silver nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications. J. Macromol. Res. 22, 832–842 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-014-2117-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. B.K. Satheeshababu, I. Mohamed, Synthesis and characterization of sodium alginate conjugate and study of effect of conjugation on drug release from matrix tablet. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 77(5), 579–585 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S.T. Prajapati, L.D. Patel, D.M. Patel, studies on formulation and in vitro evaluation of floating matrix tablets of domperidone. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 19–23 (2009). https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.51944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Salisu, M.M. Sanagi, A. Abu Naim, W.A.W. Ibrahim, K.J.A. Karim, Removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions using sodium alginate-graft-poly (methyl methacrylate) beads. J. Desalin. Water Treat. 57(33), 15353–15361 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1071685

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Y.O. Iwaki, M. Hernandezescalona, J.R. Briones, A. Pawlicka, Sodium alginate based ionic conducting membranes. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 554, 221–231 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2012.634329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. Mohanapriya, S.D. Bhat, A.K. Sahu, A. Manokaran, R. Vijayakumar, S. Pitchumani, P. Sridhar, A.K. Shukla, Sodium alginate based proton exchange membranes as electrolyte for DMFCs. Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 1746–1756 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00033G

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. N. Shaari, S.K. Kamarudin, Characterization studies of sodium alginate/sulfonated grapheme oxide based polymer electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cell. Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 21, 113–118 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Hajifathaliha, A. Mahboubi, L. Nematollahi, E. Mohit, N. Bolourchian, Comparison of different cationic polymers efficacy in fabrication of alginate multilayer microcapsules. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 15, 95–103 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2018.11.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. N.M.J. Rasali, Y. Nagao, A.S. Samsudin, Enhacement on amorphous phase in solid biopolymer electrolyte based alginate doped NH4NO3. Ionics 25, 641–654 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2667-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. L. Aguero, D. Zaldivar-Silva, L. Pena, M.L. Dias, Alginate microparticles as oral colon drug delivery device. A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 168, 32–43 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.G.O. Filho, J.M. Rodrigues, A.C.F. Valadares, A.B. Almeida, T.M. Lima, K.P. Takeuchi, Active food packaging: alginate films with cottonseed protein hydrolysates. Food Hydrocolloids 92, 267–275 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.01.052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. N. Isıklan, G. Küçükbalcı, Microwave-induced synthesis of alginate–graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and drug release properties of dual pH- and temperature-responsive beads. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 82(2), 316–331 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.07.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J.H. Li, Y. Huang, Role of alginate in antibacterial finishing of textiles. Int. J Biol. Macromol. 94, 466–473 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. S.B. Bae, H.C. Nam, W.H. Park, Electrospraying of environmentally sustainable alginate microbeads for cosmetic additives. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 133, 278–283 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S. Park, R. Ruoff, Nature chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nanotechnol 4(4), 217–224 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. N.R. Ko, M. Nafiujjaman, J.S. Lee, H.N. Lim, Y.K. Lee, I.K. Kwon, Graphene quantum dot-based theranostic agents for active targeting of breast cancer. RSC Adv. 7, 11420–11427 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA25949A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Shen, Y. Zhu, X. Yang, C. Li, Graphene quantum dots: emergent nanolights for bioimaging, sensors, catalysis and photovoltaic devices. Chem. Commun. 48, 3686–3699 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC00110A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. X. Wang, X. Sun, J. Lao, H. He, T. Cheng, M. Wang, S. Wang, F. Huang, Multifunctional graphene quantum dots for simultaneous targetedcellular imaging and drug delivery. Colloids Surf. B 122, 638–644 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. T. Maheshwari, K. Tamilarasan, S. Selvasekarapandian, R. Chitra, M. Muthukrishnan, Synthesis and characterization of Dextran, poly (vinyl alcohol) blend biopolymer electrolytes with NH4NO3, for electrochemical applications. Int. J. Green Energy 19, 314–330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.1946811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. N.F. Mazuki, A.F. Fuzlin, M.A. Saadiah, A.S. Samsudin, An investigation on the abnormal trend of the conductivity properties of CMC/PVA-doped NH4Cl-based solid biopolymer electrolyte system. J. Ionics 25(6), 2657–2667 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2734-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M.I.H.A. Sohaimy, M.I.N.M. Isa, Natural inspired carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped with ammonium carbonate (AC) as biopolymer electrolyte. J. Polym. 12(11), 2487 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. Hemalatha, M. Alagar, S. Selvasekarapandian, B. Sundaresan, V. Moniha, G. Boopathi, P.C. Selvin, Preparation and characterization of proton-conducting polymer electrolyte based on PVA, amino acid proline, and NH4Cl and its applications to electrochemical devices. J. Ionics 25(10), 141–154 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2564-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. G. Boopathi, S. Pugalendhi, S. Selvasekarapandian, M. Premalatha, S. Monisha, G. Aristatil, Development of proton conducting biopolymer membrane based on agar–agar for fuel cell. J. Ionics 23, 2781–2790 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1876-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. S. Monisha, T. Mathavan, S. Selvesekarapandian, A.M.F. Beniala, G. Aristatil, N. Manic, M. Premalatha, D.V. Pandi, Investigation of bio polymer electrolyte based on cellulose acetate-ammonium nitrate for potential use in electrochemical devices. Carbohydr. Polym. 157, 38–47 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. A.F. Fuzlin, A.S. Samsudin, Studies on favorable ionic conduction and structural properties of biopolymer electrolytes system-based alginate. J. Polym. Bull. 78, 2155–2175 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03207-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. P. Karthika, V. Sasikala, B. Sundaresan, Analysis of conductance spectra and traneference number measurements on polyvinyl chloride—ammonium thiocyanate polymer electrolyte added with SrTiO3. Shanlax Int. J. Arts Sci. Hum. 5, 347–351 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  39. C. Chen, D. Zhao, T. Hu, J. Sun, X. Yang, Highly fluorescent nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots for an inner filter effect-based cyanide sensor. Sens. Actuators B 241, 779–788 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. R.M. Hodge, G.H. Edward, G.P. Simon, Water absorption and states of water in semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) films. Polymer 37, 1371 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)81134-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Chen, Q. Feng, G. Zhang, Q. Yang, C. Zhang, The effect of sodium alginate on the flotation separation of scheelite from calcite and fluorite. Miner. Eng. 113, 1–7 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.07.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Aprilliza, Characterization and properties of Sodium alginate from brown algae used as an ecofriendly superabsorbent. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 188, 12019 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/188/1/012019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. P. Kanti, K. Srigowri, J. Madhuri, B. Smitha, S. Sridhar, Dehydration of ethanol through blend membranes of chitosan and sodium alginate by pervaporation. Sep. Puri. Technol. 40, 259–266 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.03.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. A.F. Fuzlin, N.A. Bakri, B. Sahraoui, A.S. Samsudin, Study on the effect of lithium nitrate in ionic conduction properties based alginate biopolymer electrolytes. Mater. Res. Express 7(1), 015902 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab57bb

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M.I. Diana, P.C. Selvin, S. Selvasekarapandian, M.V. Krishna, Investigations on Na-ion conducting electrolyte based on sodium alginate biopolymer for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. J. Solid State Electrochem. 25:2009–2020 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-04985-z

  46. M. Premalatha, T. Mathavan, S. Selvasekarapandian, S. Monisha, D.V. Pandi, S. Selvalakshmi, Investigations on proton conducting biopolymer membranes based on tamarind seed polysaccharide incorporated with ammonium thiocyanate. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 453, 131–140 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.10.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. V. Moniha, M. Alagar, S. Selvasekarapandian, B. Sundaresan, R. Hemalatha, G. Boopathi, Synthesis and characterization of bio-polymer electrolyte base in iota-carrageenan with ammonium Thiocyanate and its application. J. Solid State Electrochem 22(10), 1–15 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. C. N. Unnisa, S. Chithra, S. Selvasekarapandian, S. Monisha, G. N. Devi, V. Moniha, M. Hema, Development of poly(glycerol suberate) polyester (PGS)-PVA blend polymer electrolytes with NH4SCN and its application. Ionics 24:1979–1993 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2466-x

  49. N. Zhang, J. Xu, X. Gao, X. Fu, D. Zheng, Factors affecting water resistance of alginate/gellan blend films on paper cups for hot drinks. Carbohydr. Polym. 156, 435–442 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. P. Treenate, P. Monvisade, In vitro drug release profiles of pH-sensitive hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogels using paracetamol as a soluble model drug. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 99, 71–78 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Z. Tong, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, L. Tong, J. Chu, K. Xiao, Z. Zhou, W. Dong, X. Chu, Preparation, characterization and properties of alginate/poly (γ-glutamic acid) composite microparticles. Mar. Drugs 15(4), 91 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/md15040091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. P. Perumal, P.C. Selvin, S. Selvasekarapandian, Characterization of biopolymer pectin with lithium chloride and its applications to electrochemical devices. J. Ionics (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2507-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. B.A. Boukamp, A package of impedance admittance data analysis. Solid State Ionics 18&19, 136–140 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(86)90100-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. S. Karthikeyan, S. Sikkanthar, S. Selvasekarapandian, D. Arunkumar, H. Nithya, Y. Iwa, J. Kawamura, Structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of polyacrylonitrile-ammonium hexaflurophosphate polymer electrolyte system. J. Polym. Res. 23, 51 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-016-0952-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. S. Selvalakshmi, T. Mathavan, S. Selvasekarapandian, M. Premalatha, A study of electrochemical devices based on agar-agar NH4I biopolymer electrolytes. AIP (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. J.B. Wagner, C.J. Wagner, Electrical conductivity measurements on curprous halidas. J. Chem. Phys. 26, 1597–1601 (1957). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1743590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. S. Karthikeyan, S. Selvasekarapandian, M. Premalatha, S. Monisha, G. Boopathi, G. Aristatil, A. Arun, S. Madeswaran, Proton conducting I-Carrageenan-based biopolymer electrolyte for fuel cell application. Ionics 10, 2775–2780 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1901-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. T. Maheshwari, K. Tamilarasan, S. Selvasekarapandian, R. Chitra, S. Kiruthika, Investigation of blend biopolymer electrolytes based on Dextran-PVA with ammonium thiocyanate. J. Solid State Electrochem. 25(3), 755–765 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04850-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. K. Pandey, N. Lakshmi, S. Chandra, A rechargeable solid state proton battery with an intercalating cathode and an anode containing a hydrogen storage-material. J. Power Sources 76(1), 116–123 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00132-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. P. Christopher, P. Perumal, S. Selvasekarapandian, A. Monisha, G. Boopathi, M.V.L. Chandra, Study of proton-conducting polymer electrolyte based on K-carrageenan and NH4SCN for electrochemical devices. Ionics 24, 1–8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2521-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. R.M. Naachiyar, M. Ragam, S. Selvasekarapandian, M.V. Krishna, P. Buvaneshwari, Development of biopolymer electrolyte membrane using Gellan gum biopolymer incorporated with NH4SCN for electrochemical application. Ionics 27, 3415–3429 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04095-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M. Aprilliza, Characterization and properties of sodium alginate from brown algae used as an ecofriendly superabsorbent. IOP Conf. Ser. 188(1), 012019 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/188/1/012019

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that no funds grants or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. PG & Research Department of Physics, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi - 627412, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627012, India

    N. Vanitha & C. Shanmugapriya

  2. Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    S. Selvasekarapandian

  3. Materials Research Center, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641045, India

    N. Vanitha, S. Selvasekarapandian & M. Vengadesh Krishna

  4. Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India

    M. Vengadesh Krishna & K. Nandhini

Authors
  1. N. Vanitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Shanmugapriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Selvasekarapandian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Vengadesh Krishna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Nandhini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Entire work done by [NV] and full manuscript written by [NV]. The full Manuscript corrected by [CS]. The concept of the work given by [SS]. Fuel cell work has been done by [MVK]. N-S based Graphene quantum dot synthesized by [KN].

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Selvasekarapandian.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vanitha, N., Shanmugapriya, C., Selvasekarapandian, S. et al. Investigation of N–S-based graphene quantum dot on sodium alginate with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) biopolymer electrolyte for the application of electrochemical devices. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33, 14847–14867 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08404-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08404-5

Search

Navigation