Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by flame spray pyrolysis

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with varying dopant concentrations were successfully synthesized using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) method. An annealing process was carried out for 2 h in air, at 550 °C to remove residual organics and increase crystallinity. The structural and chemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) devices. In addition, the optical properties of the particles were examined using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were detected to have major anatase and minor rutile phases. It was determined that the size of the crystallite increases with respect to the (101) plane of the nanoparticles as the amount of Ag additive increases. It was observed that the particles have a hemispherical shape and average particle size in the range of 40–60 nm. The intended dopant amounts and chemical bond structures of the nanoparticles were verified by XPS elemental analysis. It was found that the absorbency increased, shifted the absorption edge to a lower energy and the optical bandgap decreased with the increase of the Ag amount compared to the undoped TiO2. Once the nanoparticles were excited at 360 nm, they yielded emissions at 490 and 550 nm. Luminescence intensity decreased after metal doping as it decreased electron–hole recombination. However, the decay times increased as the incorporation of metal into the structure prevented the degree of overlapping of the charge carriers. Bi- and tri-exponential decay curves were determined and the average decay time was calculated as 80 µs for the 5% Ag-doped sample.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. Yildirim, S. A. Akalin, S. Oguzlar, M. Zeyrek Ongun, C. Ozer, and M. Erol, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 30, 13749 (2019).

  2. X.Y. Xue, Y.J. Chen, Y.G. Wang, T.H. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 233101 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. N. Al-Dahoudi, M.A. Aegerter, Thin Solid Films 502, 193 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Ayeshamariam, M. Bououdina, C. Sanjeeviraja, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 16, 686 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. T. Ali, A. Ahmed, U. Alam, I. Uddin, P. Tripathi, M. Muneer, Mater. Chem. Phys. 212, 325 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. K.M. Rahulan, N. Padmanathan, L.D. Stephen, C.C. Kanakam, J. Alloy. Compd. 554, 432 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. K.L. Frindell, M.H. Bartl, A. Popitsch, G.D. Stucky, Angew. Chem. 114, 1001 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. D. Morris, R.G. Egdell, J. Mater. Chem. 11, 3207 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. P.D. Cozzoli, A. Kornowski, H. Weller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 14539 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. N.D. Abazović, M.I. Čomor, M.D. Dramićanin, D.J. Jovanović, S.P. Ahrenkiel, J.M. Nedeljković, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 25366 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Brüninghoff, K. Wenderich, J.P. Korterik, B.T. Mei, G. Mul, A. Huijser, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, 26653 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Djaoued, K. Ozga, A. Wojciechowski, A.H. Reshak, J. Robichaud, I.V. Kityk, J. Alloy. Compd. 508, 599 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Law, L.E. Greene, A. Radenovic, T. Kuykendall, J. Liphardt, P. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 22652 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Singh, S.A. Khan, J. Shah, R.K. Kotnala, S. Mohapatra, Appl. Surf. Sci. 422, 953 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Shi, J. Chen, Z. Feng, T. Chen, Y. Lian, X. Wang, C. Li, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 693 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Stevanovic, M. Büttner, Z. Zhang, J.T. Yates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 324 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. G. An, C. Yang, Y. Zhou, X. Zhao, Physica Status Solidi (A) 209, 2583 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. C.W. Zou, X.D. Yan, J. Han, R.Q. Chen, J.M. Bian, E. Haemmerle, W. Gao, Chem. Phys. Lett. 476, 84 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. D.R. Jung, J. Kim, C. Nahm, S. Nam, J.I. Kim, B. Park, Mater. Res. Bull. 47, 453 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. Yang, Y. Zhou, G. An, X. Zhao, Opt. Mater. 35, 2551 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Xin, L. Jing, Z. Ren, B. Wang, H. Fu, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 2805 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. P. Li, Z. Wei, T. Wu, Q. Peng, Y. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 5660 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A. Galińska, J. Walendziewski, Energy Fuels 19, 1143 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Zhang, G. Wang, D. Chen, X. Lv, J. Li, Chem. Mater. 20, 6543 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. Singh, K. Sahu, R. Singh, T. Som, R.K. Kotnala, S. Mohapatra, J. Alloy. Compd. 786, 750 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. L.M. Santos, W.A. Machado, M.D. França, K.A. Borges, R.M. Paniago, A.O.T. Patrocinio, A.E.H. Machado, RSC Adv. 5, 103752 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M.K. Kumar, S. Krishnamoorthy, L.K. Tan, S.Y. Chiam, S. Tripathy, H. Gao, ACS Catal. 1, 300 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M.R. Khan, T.W. Chuan, A. Yousuf, M.N.K. Chowdhury, C.K. Cheng, Catal. Sci. Technol. 5, 2522 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Pan, M. Li, Y.Y. Luo, H. Wu, L. Zhong, Q. Wang, G.H. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 333, 34 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y.W. Jun, M.F. Casula, J.H. Sim, S.Y. Kim, J. Cheon, A.P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15981 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. M.S. Lee, S.S. Hong, M. Mohseni, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 242, 135 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H.E. Chao, Y.U. Yun, H.U. Xingfang, A. Larbot, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 23, 1457 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Y.K. Park, B.J. Kim, S. Jeong, K.J. Jeon, K.H. Chung, S.C. Jung, Environ. Res. 188, 109630 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. D. Komaraiah, E. Radha, N. Kalarikkal, J. Sivakumar, M. V. Ramana Reddy, and R. Sayanna, Ceramics International 45, 25060 (2019).

  35. S. Yildirim, M. Yurddaskal, T. Dikici, I. Aritman, K. Ertekin, E. Celik, Ceram. Int. 42, 10579 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. B. Tian, C. Li, F. Gu, H. Jiang, Y. Hu, J. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 151, 220 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J. Du, X. Gu, H. Guo, J. Liu, Q. Wu, J. Zou, J. Cryst. Growth 427, 54 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. W. Li, S. Ismat Shah, C. P. Huang, O. Jung, and C. Ni, Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology 96, 247 (2002).

  39. E. Albiter, M.A. Valenzuela, S. Alfaro, G. Valverde-Aguilar, F.M. Martínez-Pallares, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 19, 563 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. F. Möllers, H.J. Tolle, R. Memming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 1160 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. O. Avciata, Y. Benli, S. Gorduk, O. Koyun, Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences 1, 34 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. F.X. Liu, M. Tang, L. Liu, S. Lu, Z.Y. Chen, R. Ji, Physica Status Solidi (A) 179, 437 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. S. Sugapriya, R. Sriram, S. Lakshmi, Optik 124, 4971 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S.-J. Kim, S.-D. Park, Y.H. Jeong, S. Park, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82, 927 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, J. Xu, M. Chen, L. Wu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 343, 18 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Y. Li, M. Ma, W. Chen, L. Li, M. Zen, Mater. Chem. Phys. 129, 501 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. N. Sakar, H. Gergeroglu, S.A. Akalin, S. Oguzlar, S. Yildirim, Opt. Mater. 103, 109819 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Gültekin, S. Yıldırım, O. Yılmaz, İÇ. Keskin, M.İ Katı, E. Çelik, J. Lumin. 206, 59 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. M.J. Height, S.E. Pratsinis, O. Mekasuwandumrong, P. Praserthdam, Appl. Catal. B 63, 305 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. W.Y. Teoh, R. Amal, L. Mädler, S.E. Pratsinis, Catal. Today 120, 203 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Bahadur, S. Agrawal, V. Panwar, A. Parveen, K. Pal, Macromol. Res. 24, 488 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. D. Komaraiah, E. Radha, J. Sivakumar, M. V. Ramana Reddy, and R. Sayanna, Optical Materials 108, 110401 (2020).

  53. K. Gupta, R.P. Singh, A. Pandey, A. Pandey, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 4, 345 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. S. Sen, S. Mahanty, S. Roy, O. Heintz, S. Bourgeois, D. Chaumont, Thin Solid Films 474, 245 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J.C. Yu, J. Yu, W. Ho, Z. Jiang, L. Zhang, Chem. Mater. 14, 3808 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. A. Kudhier, R. S. Sabry, Y. K. Al-Haidarie, and M. F. AL-Marjani, Materials Technology 33, 220 (2018).

  57. P. Scherrer, Nachrichten von Der Gesellschaft Der Wissenschaften Zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 26, 98 (1918)

    Google Scholar 

  58. J. Il Langford and A. J. C. Wilson, Journal of Applied Crystallography 11, 102 (1978).

  59. S. Ko, C.K. Banerjee, J. Sankar, Compos. B Eng. 42, 579 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. X.F. Lei, X.X. Xue, H. Yang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 321, 396 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. M.A. Ashraf, Z. Liu, W.X. Peng, K. Jermsittiparsert, G. Hosseinzadeh, R. Hosseinzadeh, Ceram. Int. 46, 7446 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. V.K. Tomer, S. Duhan, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, 1033 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Y. Yang, G. Zhang, W. Xu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 376, 217 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. N. Sobana, M. Muruganadham, M. Swaminathan, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 258, 124 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. B. Choudhury, A. Choudhury, J. Lumin. 136, 339 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. R. Vijayalakshmi, V. Rajendran, Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 4, 1183 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. R. López, R. Gómez, J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 61, 1 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. B. Choudhury, A. Choudhury, J. Lumin. 132, 178 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. M.K. Singh, M.S. Mehata, Opt. Mater. 109, 110309 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Center for Production and Applications of Electronic Materials (EMUM) where this research was carried out.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Dokuz Eylul, 35390, Izmir, Turkey

    Serdar Yildirim

  2. Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of Dokuz Eylul, 35390, Izmir, Turkey

    Serdar Yildirim

Authors
  1. Serdar Yildirim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Serdar Yildirim.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yildirim, S. Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by flame spray pyrolysis. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 16346–16358 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06187-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-06187-9

Search

Navigation