Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrodeposition, solvent engineering, and two-step solution deposition of the perovskite films: morphological and structural study

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells are still soaring in the science and technology world. For reaching efficient solar cells, the deposition method of perovskite highly matters. It severely affects the morphological structure and grain/crystal size of the deposited film which are very crucial factors. In this work, the solvent engineering, two-step solution deposition, and electrodeposition methods have been compared and studied morphologically. While substrate plays an important role in the quality of the deposited film, experiments have been carried out on both planar and mesopore \(\text {TiO}_2\) substrates. An image processing tool has been designed for quantitative surface analysis of the perovskite layers. The obtained results showed that the electrodeposition synthesis method on the mesopore substrate leads to an average of 99% surface coverage and the largest grain sizes (340.4 nm). It was demonstrated that the electrodeposited perovskite films had an average crystallite size of 39.11 nm which is slightly better than the other two methods. However, the solvent engineering method resulted in the most uniformity in grain sizes (standard deviation of 31.9 nm) for planar and (34.7 nm) for mesopore \(\text {TiO}_2\) substrates. According to the presented results, the electrodeposition seems to be the method of choice for perovskite deposition for solar applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(17), 6050 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809598r. PMID: 19366264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M.A. Green, Y. Hishikawa, E.D. Dunlop, D.H. Levi, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, A.W. Ho-Baillie, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 27(1), 3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Saliba, J.P. Correa-Baena, M. Grätzel, A. Hagfeldt, A. Abate, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 57(10), 2554–2569 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201703226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. G. Xing, N. Mathews, S.S. Lim, N. Yantara, X. Liu, D. Sabba, M. Grätzel, S. Mhaisalkar, T.C. Sum, Nat. Mater. 13(5), 476 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3911. Letter

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Yakunin, M. Sytnyk, D. Kriegner, S. Shrestha, M. Richter, G.J. Matt, H. Azimi, C.J. Brabec, J. Stangl, M.V. Kovalenko, W. Heiss, Nat. Photon. 9(7), 444 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.82. Article

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Yakunin, D.N. Dirin, Y. Shynkarenko, V. Morad, I. Cherniukh, O. Nazarenko, D. Kreil, T. Nauser, M.V. Kovalenko, Nat. Photon. 10(9), 585 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.139. Letter

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Zhou, Z. Song, P. Tao, H. Lei, P. Gui, J. Mei, H. Wang, G. Fang, RSC Adv. 6, 6205 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA27840F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. W. Xu, F. Li, Z. Cai, Y. Wang, F. Luo, X. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 9651 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC01075J

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. H.H. Radamson, X. He, Q. Zhang, J. Liu, H. Cui, J. Xiang, Z. Kong, W. Xiong, J. Li, J. Gao et al., Micromachines 10(5), 293 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. H. Radamson, E. Simoen, J. Luo, C. Zhao, C.M.O.S. Past, CMOS Past, Present and Future (Woodhead Publishing, Swaston, 2018)

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. Radamson, L. Thylén, Monolithic Nanoscale Photonics-Electronics Integration in Silicon and Other Group IV Elements (Academic Press, Boca Raton, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. K. Agrawal, V. Gupta, R. Srivastava, S.S. Rajput, IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 65(5), 1902 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Derakhshandeh, Y. Abdi, S. Mohajerzadeh, H. Hosseinzadegan, E.A. Soleimani, H. Radamson, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 124–125, 354 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.08.126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M.M. Lee, J. Teuscher, T. Miyasaka, T.N. Murakami, H.J. Snaith, Science 338(6107), 643 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S.J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Gratzel, Nature 499(7458), 316 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12340. Letter

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Q. Chen, H. Zhou, Z. Hong, S. Luo, H.S. Duan, H.H. Wang, Y. Liu, G. Li, Y. Yang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136(2), 622 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja411509g

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Liu, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, Nature 501(7467), 395 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12509. Letter

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. X.P. Cui, K.J. Jiang, J.H. Huang, X.Q. Zhou, M.J. Su, S.G. Li, Q.Q. Zhang, L.M. Yang, Y.L. Song, Chem. Commun. 51, 1457 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC08269A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Chen, Z. Wei, X. Zheng, S. Yang, Nano Energy 15, 216 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.04.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R.C. Gonzalez, R.E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 4th edn. (Pearson, London, 2017)

    Google Scholar 

  21. D. Saladra, M. Kopernik, J. Microsc. 264(1), 102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. K. Odziomek, D. Ushizima, P. Oberbek, K.J. Kurzydłowski, T. Puzyn, M. Haranczyk, J. Microsc. 265(1), 34 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Vidal, M. Ostra, N. Imaz, E. García-Lecina, C. Ubide, Surf. Coatings Technol. 285, 289 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. P. Scherrer, Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 1918, 98 (1918)

    Google Scholar 

  25. J.I. Langford, A.J.C. Wilson, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 11(2), 102 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878012844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. W. Nie, H. Tsai, R. Asadpour, J.C. Blancon, A.J. Neukirch, G. Gupta, J.J. Crochet, M. Chhowalla, S. Tretiak, M.A. Alam, H.L. Wang, A.D. Mohite, Science 347(6221), 522 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G.A. MacDonald, M. Yang, S. Berweger, J.P. Killgore, P. Kabos, J.J. Berry, K. Zhu, F.W. DelRio, Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 3642 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE01889K

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J.P. Correa-Baena, M. Anaya, G. Lozano, W. Tress, K. Domanski, M. Saliba, T. Matsui, T.J. Jacobsson, M.E. Calvo, A. Abate et al., Adv. Mater. 28, 5031 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Huang, Y. Yuan, Y. Shao, Y. Yan, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17042EP (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. N.J. Jeon, J.H. Noh, Y.C. Kim, W.S. Yang, S. Ryu, S.I. Seok, Nat. Mater. 13(9), 897 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4014. Article

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. X. Li, D. Bi, C. Yi, J.D. Décoppet, J. Luo, S.M. Zakeeruddin, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Science 353(6294), 58 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. B. Conings, A. Babayigit, M.T. Klug, S. Bai, N. Gauquelin, N. Sakai, J.T.W. Wang, J. Verbeeck, H.G. Boyen, H.J. Snaith, Adv. Mater. 28(48), 10701 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. K. Liang, D.B. Mitzi, M.T. Prikas, Chem. Mater. 10(1), 403 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm970568f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.H. Im, I.H. Jang, N. Pellet, M. Grätzel, N.G. Park, Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 927 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Z. Song, S.C. Watthage, A.B. Phillips, M.J. Heben, J. Photon. Energy 6(2), 022001 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JPE.6.022001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. D.B. Mitzi, M.T. Prikas, K. Chondroudis, Chem. Mater. 11(3), 542 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9811139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. G. Popov, M. Mattinen, M.L. Kemell, M. Ritala, M. Leskelä, ACS Omega 1(6), 1296 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. X. Li, D. Pletcher, F.C. Walsh, Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 3879 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CS00213E

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. J.S. Lim, Two-dimensional signal and image processing (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  40. N. Otsu, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9(1), 62 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. P. Soille, Morphological Image Analysis : Principles and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 2004)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  42. F. Meyer, Signal Process. 38(1), 113 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1684(94)90060-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (Grant No: 96015204).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar st., Tehran, 1439957131, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Hamed Abdy, Zahra Heydari, Arash Aletayeb, Mohammadreza Kolahdouz & Ebrahim Asl-Soleimani

Authors
  1. Hamed Abdy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zahra Heydari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arash Aletayeb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammadreza Kolahdouz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ebrahim Asl-Soleimani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammadreza Kolahdouz.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abdy, H., Heydari, Z., Aletayeb, A. et al. Electrodeposition, solvent engineering, and two-step solution deposition of the perovskite films: morphological and structural study. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32, 12991–12999 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03609-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03609-y

Search

Navigation