Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An efficient phosphonate-based ionic liquid on flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin

  • Polymers
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to develop a highly efficient flame-retardant system, a phosphonate-based ionic liquid named 1-vinyl-3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-propylimidazolium bromide (IL) was synthesized and introduced into epoxy resin (EP). With only 4 wt% loading, EP/IL composite passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and its limiting oxygen index value increased to 34.9% from 25.9% for neat epoxy resin. The char yield of EP/IL-2 (2 wt%) was improved by 58.3%, and its peak of heat release rate was reduced by 65% compared with that of neat EP. The reason is that the presence of IL promoted the forming of a compact and stable phosphorus-rich residual chars. Unlike traditional additive-type flame retardant, it is very interesting that the introduction of IL changed the color and transparency of EP few and enhanced mechanical property of neat EP remarkably. Owing to the excellent compatibility and steric effect between IL and EP matrix, tensile strength was increased to 108.6 MPa for EP/IL sample from 84.9 MPa for neat EP, indicating the outstanding reinforcement effect of IL on EP composites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jin F, Li X, Park S (2015) Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review. J Ind Eng Chem 29:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gu H, Ma C, Gu J (2016) An overview of multifunctional epoxy nanocomposites. J Mater Chem C 4(25):5890–5906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Tang S, Qian L, Liu X, Dong Y (2016) Gas-phase flame-retardant effects of a bi-group compound based on phosphaphenanthrene and triazine-trione groups in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 133:350–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tang S, Wachtendorf V, Klack P, Qian L, Dong Y, Schartel B (2017) Enhanced flame-retardant effect of a montmorillonite/phosphaphenanthrene compound in an epoxy thermoset. Rsc Adv 7(2):720–728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Liao S, Liu P, Hsiao M (2012) One-step reduction and Functionalization of graphene oxide with phosphorus-based compound to produce Flame-retardant epoxy nanocomposite. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(12):4573–4581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Qian X, Song L, Hu Y, Yuen RKK (2013) Thermal degradation and flammability of novel organic/inorganic epoxy hybrids containing organophosphorus-modified oligosiloxane. Thermochim Acta 552:87–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Luo F, Wu K, Guo H, Zhao Q, Lu M (2016) Anisotropic thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of nanocomposite based on mesogenic epoxy and reduced graphene oxide bulk. Compos Sci Technol 132:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu S, Yan H, Fang Z, Guo Z, Wang H (2014) Effect of graphene nanosheets and layered double hydroxides on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of epoxy resin. Rsc Adv 4(36):18652–18659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kalali EN, Wang X, Wang D-Y (2016) Multifunctional intercalation in layered double hydroxide: toward multifunctional nanohybrids for epoxy resin. J Mater Chem A 4(6):2147–2157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang W, Li X, Yang R (2013) Blowing-out effect and temperature profile in condensed phase in flame retarding epoxy resins by phosphorus-containing oligomeric silsesquioxane. Polym Adv Technol 24(11):951–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang W, Camino G, Yang R (2017) Polymer/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites: an overview of fire retardance. Prog Polym Sci 67:77–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Tan Y, Shao ZB, Chen XF, Long JW, Chen L, Wang YZ (2015) Novel multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid curing agent with high flame-retardant efficiency for epoxy resin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(32):17919–17928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tan Y, Shao Z, Yu L (2016) Piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate as monocomponent flame-retardant hardener for epoxy resin: flame retardance, curing behavior and mechanical property. Polym Chem-Uk 7(17):3003–3012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, Chen MJ, Chen L, Wang YZ (2014) An efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene: preparation and application. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(10):7363–7370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu C, Chen T, Yuan CH (2016) Modification of epoxy resin through the self-assembly of a surfactant-like multi-element flame retardant. J Mater Chem A 4(9):3462–3470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Smiglak M, Pringle J, Lu X (2014) Ionic liquids for energy, materials, and medicine. Chem Commun 50(66):9228–9250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. MacFarlane DR, Tachikawa N, Forsyth M (2014) Energy applications of ionic liquids. Energy Environ Sci 7(1):232–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Steinrueck HP, Wasserscheid P (2015) Ionic liquids in catalysis. Catal Lett 145(1):380–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Men Y, Siebenbürger M, Qiu X, Antonietti M, Yuan J (2013) Low fractions of ionic liquid or poly(ionic liquid) can activate polysaccharide biomass into shaped, flexible and fire-retardant porous carbons. J Mater Chem A 1(38):11887–11893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Sonnier R, Dumazert L, Livi S (2016) Flame retardancy of phosphorus-containing ionic liquid based epoxy networks. Polym Degrad Stab 134:186–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen S, Li J, Zhu Y, Guo Z, Su S (2013) Increasing the efficiency of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene catalyzed by polyoxometalate based ionic liquid. J Mater Chem A 1(48):15242–15246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen S, Li J, Zhu Y, Su S (2014) Roles of anion of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids in properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Rsc Adv 4(62):32902–32913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hu Y, Xu P, Gui H, Wang X, Ding Y (2015) Effect of imidazolium phosphate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes on thermal stability and flame retardancy of polylactide. Compos Part A-Appl Sci 77:147–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kuo P, Tsao C, Hsu C, Chen S, Hsu H (2016) A new strategy for preparing oligomeric ionic liquid gel polymer electrolytes for high-performance and nonflammable lithium ion batteries. J Membr Sci 499:462–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee JS, Wang X, Luo H, Dai S (2010) Fluidic carbon precursors for formation of functional carbon under ambient pressure based on ionic liquids. Adv Mater 22(9):1004–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang X, Dai S (2010) Ionic liquids as versatile precursors for functionalized porous carbon and carbon–oxide composite materials by confined carbonization. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(37):6664–6668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Xie Z, Su DS (2015) Ionic Liquid based approaches to carbon materials synthesis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015(7):1137–1147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Qiu X, Lu L, Chen Z (2015) Preparation and characterization of flame retardant phase change materials by microencapsulated paraffin and diethyl ethylphosphonate with poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethyl methacrylate) shell. J Appl Polym Sci 132(17):41880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Gao L, Zheng G, Zhou Y, Hu L, Feng G, Zhang M (2014) Synergistic effect of expandable graphite, diethyl ethylphosphonate and organically-modified layered double hydroxide on flame retardancy and fire behavior of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam nanocomposite. Polym Degrad Stab 101:92–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Feng J, Ma P, Yang H, Lu L (2013) Understanding the interactions of phosphonate-based flame-retarding additives with graphitic anode for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 114:688–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hewitt D, Newland G (1977) Organophosphorus compounds. P-Arylated perhydro-1,2-azaphosphorines. Aust J Chem 3(30):579–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Shaplov AS, Goujon L, Vidal F (2009) Ionic IPNs as novel candidates for highly conductive solid polymer electrolytes. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 47(17):4245–4266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang X, Xing W, Feng X, Yu B, Song L, Hu Y (2014) Functionalization of graphene with grafted polyphosphamide for flame retardant epoxy composites: synthesis, flammability and mechanism. Polym Chem-Uk 5(4):1145–1154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Mel’nik OA, Shaplov AS, Lozinskaya EI (2010) Polymers based on ionic monomers with side phosphonate groups. Polym Sci Ser B+ 52(5–6):316–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang S, Ma S, Xu C (2017) Vanillin-derived high-performance flame retardant epoxy resins: facile synthesis and properties. Macromolecules 50(5):1892–1901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiang S, Shi Y, Qian X (2013) Synthesis of a novel phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing acrylate and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy acrylate. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(49):17442–17450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Maton C, De Vos N, Stevens CV (2013) Ionic liquid thermal stabilities: decomposition mechanisms and analysis tools. Chem Soc Rev 42(13):5963–5977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Feng W, Lu Y, Chen Y, Lu Y, Yang T (2016) Thermal stability of imidazolium-based ionic liquids investigated by TG and FTIR techniques. J Therm Anal Calorim 125(1):143–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Weil ED, Levchik S (2004) A review of current flame retardant systems for epoxy resins. J Fire Sci 22(1):25–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chang LN, Jaafar M, Chow WS (2012) Thermal behavior and flammability of epoxy/glass fiber composites containing clay and decabromodiphenyl oxide. J Therm Anal Calorim 112(3):1157–1164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wan J, Gan B, Li C (2015) A novel biobased epoxy resin with high mechanical stiffness and low flammability: synthesis, characterization and properties. J Mater Chem A 3(43):21907–21921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Higginbotham AL, Lomeda JR, Morgan AB, Tour JM (2009) Graphite oxide flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1(10):2256–2261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Wang X, Zhou S, Guo W (2017) Renewable cardanol-based phosphate as a flame retardant toughening agent for epoxy resins. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5(4):3409–3416

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The financial supports from Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Nos. 2015A030313798, 2016A030313161), and Special Support Program-Youth Top-notch Talent of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2014TQ01C400), are acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People’s Republic of China

    Fei Xiao, Kun Wu, Fubin Luo, Yuyue Guo, Shiheng Zhang, Xiangxiang Du, Qingqing Zhu & Mangeng Lu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, People’s Republic of China

    Fei Xiao, Fubin Luo, Yuyue Guo, Shiheng Zhang, Xiangxiang Du & Qingqing Zhu

Authors
  1. Fei Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kun Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fubin Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yuyue Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shiheng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xiangxiang Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Qingqing Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mangeng Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kun Wu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xiao, F., Wu, K., Luo, F. et al. An efficient phosphonate-based ionic liquid on flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin. J Mater Sci 52, 13992–14003 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1483-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1483-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation