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Revealing the influence of Nb-doping on the crystal structure and electromechanical properties of (K, Bi)(Mg, Ti, Nb)O3 ceramics

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Abstract

Nb-modified lead-free ceramics (K0.48Bi0.52)(Mg0.02Ti0.98−xNbx)O3, (KBT-BMTNbx with x = 0.00 − 0.05) were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction route followed by furnace cooling. The effects of Nb-doping on the structural properties and electrical properties of KBT-BMTNbx ceramics have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction pattern indicates a mixed tetragonal and cubic phase for the pure KBT-BMTNbx ceramics. Therefore, a large piezoelectric actuator coefficient d33* ≈ 700 pm/V, piezoelectric sensor coefficient (d33 ≈ 133 pC/N) along with remnant polarization (Pr ≈ 17.5 µC/cm2), maximum electromechanical strain ≈ 0.35% and maximum temperature (Tm ≈ 336 ºC) were obtained for KBT-BMTNbx. However, with Nb-doping, a compositionally driven phase transformation occurred from mixed rhombohedral and tetragonal phases to cubic phase. Because of the excess Nb-doping in the KBT-BMT ceramics, the grain size suddenly decreased, as a result, the long-range ferroelectric phase was converted into a short-range relaxor phase. Hence, a low dielectric loss tanδ ≈ 0.02 was achieved at x = 0.02 composition. This superior dielectric performance is correlated to the crystal structure morphotropic phase boundary, optimum grain size (≈ 2 μm), maximum lattice distortion, and soft-ferroelectric effect induced by the donor doping. The main aim of recent research is to investigate Pr, d33, d33*, Smax, and reduced tanδ for practical applications in the real world.

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Funding

Dr. Aurang Zeb thanks the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and Islamia College Peshawar (Chartered University) for financial support. This was supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan(HEC) grant funded by the National Research Program for Universities (NRPU) project No 10928. In addition, the National Science Foundation grant DMR-2122147 for the NSF-PREM Emergent Interface Materials Program between Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, and Cornell University-PARADIM is also acknowledged.

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  1. Aurang Zeb and Fazli Akram contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Islamia College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan

    Aurang Zeb & Amir Ullah

  2. Department of Chemistry, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30314, USA

    Fazli Akram & Conrad Ingram

  3. State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China

    Muhammad Habib

  4. Department of Physics, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Qamar Iqbal

  5. Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

    Ihsan Ullah

  6. Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China

    Nasir Ali

  7. School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    S. J. Milne

  8. Department of Physics and Energy Harvest-Storage Research Center (EHSRC), University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea

    Muhammad Sheeraz & Chang Won Ahn

  9. Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA

    Shahid Iqbal

  10. Department of Materials Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Main University Road, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan

    Fayaz Hussain

  11. Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Bahrain, 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain

    Adnan Younis

  12. Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    P. T. Tho

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  1. Aurang Zeb
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Contributions

Dr. Aurang Zeb, Dr. Fazli Akram, Dr. Muhammad Habib, Dr. S.J. Milne, Dr. Amir Ullah, and Dr. Chang Won Ahn performed the experiment, analyzed the data, and prepare the first draft of the manuscript. Dr. Nasir Ali, Dr. Shahid Ali, Dr. Fayaz Hussain, Ihsan Ullah, and Qamar Iqbal helped with electromechanical properties measurements and their analysis. We express our gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Sheeraz, Dr. Conrad Ingram, Dr. Adnan Younis, and Dr. P.T. Tho for their valuable contributions to the revised manuscript. In addition, thanks to Dr. Aurang Zeb for sponsoring (HEC, Pakistan) and supervising this research work.

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Correspondence to Aurang Zeb, Fazli Akram or Chang Won Ahn.

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Zeb, A., Akram, F., Habib, M. et al. Revealing the influence of Nb-doping on the crystal structure and electromechanical properties of (K, Bi)(Mg, Ti, Nb)O3 ceramics. J Electroceram 51, 122–132 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-023-00321-1

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