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Associations of Parental Variables and Youth’s Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: A Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Despite extensive research on career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) in relation to youth’s career development and outcomes, the relative influence of different parental variables on youth’s CDMSE remains relatively unclear. Thus, this meta-analysis sought to compare correlational findings concerning the influence of three types of parental variables—parental cognitions, parenting behaviors, and parent–child relationships—on youth’s CDMSE. This meta-analysis also aimed to examine differences in how maternal influences only, paternal influences only, and the influence of both parents are associated with youth’s CDMSE. A systematic search for relevant literature was conducted in six scientific databases (i.e., ERIC, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, and Social Work Abstracts) and other sources (i.e., Google Scholar and reference searching), which yielded 27 quantitative studies from 3529 records on parental factors of youth’s CDMSE published between 1983 and 2020. The results showed that all three types of parental variables demonstrated a low to medium association with youth’s CDMSE, although parental cognitions had the largest effect size (r = 0.312; 95% CI [0.217, 0.407]), followed by parenting behaviors (r = 0.303; 95% CI [0.248, 0.359]) and parent–child relationships (r = 0.255; 95% CI [0.226, 0.284]). The effect size for the influences of both parents (r = 0.312; 95% CI [0.264, 0.359]) was found to be larger than that of maternal (r = 0.256; 95% CI [0.216, 0.296]) or paternal influences (r = 0.230; 95% CI [0.186, 0.275]) alone. Those results pose important implications and indicate promising directions for research and practice to improve parenting about young people’s career development.

Highlights

  • Youth’s career decision-making self-efficacy was the outcome variable in this study.

  • Different parental influences impact youth’s career decision-making self-efficacy.

  • Parental cognition was most strongly correlated with the outcome variable.

  • Parenting behaviors and parent-child relationships also affect the outcome variable.

  • Both parents together impact the outcome variable more than a single parent alone.

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Funding

This study was funded by the community-based interventions of the Career and Life Adventure Planning for Youth Project (CLAP for Youth @ JC) grant from the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust (Project ID: HKBU/HKJCCT/14-15/01).

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  1. Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong

    Siu-ming To, Lei Yang & Cheryl Danielle Lau

  2. Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Cheong-wing Victor Wong

  3. Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon., Hong Kong SAR

    Xuebing Su

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S.M.T. designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote part of the manuscript. L.Y. executed the study, performed the literature search, analyzed the data, and wrote part of the manuscript. C.D.L. assisted with the literature search and data analysis, and wrote part of the manuscript. C.W.V.W. helped design and executed the study. X.S. assisted with data analysis and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Lei Yang.

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All procedures performed in this study were approved by the research ethics committee of the Hong Kong Baptist University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. This article does not contain any studies with human participants and animals performed by the author.

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To, Sm., Yang, L., Lau, C.D. et al. Associations of Parental Variables and Youth’s Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: A Meta-Analysis. J Child Fam Stud 31, 530–544 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02125-9

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