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Potter’s Wheel in the Iron Age in Central Europe: Process or Product Innovation?

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Abstract

The use of a rotational device for forming ceramic objects represents a fundamental innovation in pottery technology. This work addresses aspects of the transmission of this technological innovation on the basis of technological and provenance analysis of Iron Age pottery in a selected region of Eastern Bohemia. The possible trajectories of the innovative process are approximated specifically through the polarities between product and process innovation and transmission of cultural traits in open and closed learning networks. Apart from standard methods of petrographic and geochemical analysis, this analysis employs innovative methodology for identification of pottery-forming techniques. The results indicate the effects of various mechanisms of cultural transmission which shaped the evolution of techniques in the Iron Age society. The technological changes can be explained by shifting accents on product and process performance characteristics in changing selective environments.

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Notes

  1. Pottery formed by any of the techniques that utilises rotational energy is subsumed under the term wheel-made pottery. We are aware that wheel finishing is feasible without using a potter’s wheel, and, in this respect, the terms wheel-made and wheel-finished are inaccurate. However, we avoided the use of more exact and complicated terms for pottery formed with the use of rotation without any specification of the rotational device and decided to use generally understandable terms for the sake of readability.

  2. The relative chronology and absolute dating is based on the last synthesis of Bohemian prehistory (Venclová 2008b; Venclová 2008a).

  3. Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er, Fe, Ga, Gd, Hf, Ho, Li, Lu, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr.

  4. The term hand-built pottery is used for all the pottery which does not exhibit visual evidence for the use of rotational movement during forming.

  5. The more general term jar is used instead of amphora or amphora-like vessel commonly used in classifications of pottery shapes from this period (Dreslerová and Beech 1995; Chytráček and Bernat 2000).

  6. The intervals account for the differences in the individual sampled sites.

  7. Based on compositional and petrographic analysis, all the samples with CSD more than 60° are of non-regional origin.

  8. General findings on the time efficiency of the wheel-shaping technique (e.g., Nicklin 1971; Roux and Courty 1998) are supported by our observations made during experimental replication of the manufacturing process of the La Tène pottery. The forming of bowls as the dominant shape of the La Tène A wheel-made production had similar time requirements when coiling, slab building and their combination with wheel shaping were used on the condition that the task is to complete a vessel of the same shape, size and average wall thickness, not to achieve comparable regularity of the walls. This can be applied to the archaeological pottery in the study, as the walls of the La Tène A wheel-made pottery are significantly more regular than the walls of hand-built pottery.

  9. An exceptional example of a wheel-thrown coarse pot, which can be seen in Fig. 9, does not belong to the local groups of pottery based on geochemical and petrographic analyses.

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Acknowledgements

The research described in this paper was financially supported by the Czech Science Foundation (Grant No. P405/11/P255) and by the project Development of Research at the University of Hradec Kralove with the participation of postdoctoral students (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0052). We would like to thank Madeleine Štulíková for her assistance in correcting the English grammar and the two anonymous reviewers for their inspiring comments which helped to improve the manuscript.

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    Richard Thér, Tomáš Mangel & Miloš Gregor

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Thér, R., Mangel, T. & Gregor, M. Potter’s Wheel in the Iron Age in Central Europe: Process or Product Innovation?. J Archaeol Method Theory 24, 1256–1299 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9312-0

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