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An Erratum to this article was published on 14 July 2009

Abstract

The principles of organic farming espouse a holistic approach to agriculture that promotes sustainable and harmonious relationships amongst the natural environment, plants, and animals, as well as regard for animals’ physiological and behavioral needs. However, open aquaculture systems—both organic and conventional—present unresolved and significant challenges to the welfare of farmed and wild fish, as well as other wildlife, and to environmental integrity, due to water quality issues, escapes, parasites, predator control, and feed-source sustainability. Without addressing these issues, it is unlikely that open net-pen aquaculture production can be compatible with the principles inherent to organic farming.

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Notes

  1. Independent management unit (IMU): a cage or group of cages whose parasite population are independent from another cage or group of cages or the distance at which parasite dispersal is negligible for parasite management purposes.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Miyun Park, Michael Greger, and Sharon Young for their insightful comments and suggestions. An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the National Organic Standards Board’s 2007 Organic Aquaculture Symposium.

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Correspondence to Paul Petersan.

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An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9195-0

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Cottee, S.Y., Petersan, P. Animal Welfare and Organic Aquaculture in Open Systems. J Agric Environ Ethics 22, 437–461 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9169-2

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