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Integrating Impairments in Reaction Time and Executive Function Using a Diffusion Model Framework

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Abstract

Using Ratcliff’s diffusion model and ex-Gaussian decomposition, we directly evaluate the role individual differences in reaction time (RT) distribution components play in the prediction of inhibitory control and working memory (WM) capacity in children with and without ADHD. Children with (n = 91, \( \overline{\mathrm{x}} \) age = 10.2 years, 67 % male) and without ADHD (n = 62, \( \overline{\mathrm{x}} \) age = 10.6 years, 46 % male) completed four tasks of WM and a stop signal reaction time (SSRT) task. Children with ADHD had smaller WM capacities and less efficient inhibitory control. Diffusion model analyses revealed that children with ADHD had slower drift rates (v) and faster non-decision times (Ter), but there were no group differences in boundary separations (a). Similarly, using an ex-Gaussian approach, children with ADHD had larger τ values than non-ADHD controls, but did not differ in μ or σ distribution components. Drift rate mediated the association between ADHD status and performance on both inhibitory control and WM capacity. τ also mediated the ADHD-executive function impairment associations; however, models were a poorer fit to the data. Impaired performance on RT and executive functioning tasks has long been associated with childhood ADHD. Both are believed to be important cognitive mechanisms to the disorder. We demonstrate here that drift rate, or the speed at which information accumulates towards a decision, is able to explain both.

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Acknowledgments

The project described was supported in part by R01MH084947 to Cynthia Huang-Pollock and F32MH098632 to Sarah Karalunas from the National Institutes of Mental Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Mental Health or the National Institutes of Health.

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  1. ADHD Research Study UHN80R1, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239-9979, USA

    Sarah L. Karalunas

  2. Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 0113 Moore Bldg, University Park, PA, 16801, USA

    Cynthia L. Huang-Pollock

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  1. Sarah L. Karalunas
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Correspondence to Sarah L. Karalunas.

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Karalunas, S.L., Huang-Pollock, C.L. Integrating Impairments in Reaction Time and Executive Function Using a Diffusion Model Framework. J Abnorm Child Psychol 41, 837–850 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9715-2

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