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The impacts of global change in the humid tropics: selected rainfall-runoff issues linked with tropical forest-land management

  • Published:
Irrigation and Drainage Systems

Abstract

Within the framework of IWRM, a major concern in the humid tropics is the effects of ‘global warming’ on the storm rainfall-runoff hydrology of both forests and converted forest lands. Further how such effects need to be incorporated within adaptive, forest-water-land management. But since the mid- 20th century, dramatic changes in land- use (LU) and land cover (LC) have also occurred which have led to rapid rates of deforestation and an expansion of land—forest degradation. How much these man-induced impacts have been influential on climate –water relations, as against the effects of inherent climate variability and predicted climate change scenarios, still remains a major challenge to quantify. Thus embedded within the global warming issue are these additional LU/LC change impacts on climate-rainfall-storm runoff across scales which also require consideration under the broader mandate of ‘global change’. The work will initially succinctly summarize the existing uncertainties linked with both Global Climate Models (GCMs). Subsequently more detailed attention will be given to uncertainties linked with LC/LU change. The experiences of hurricane Mitch in Central America will then set the scene for an alternative strategy. A principle message is a call for more concentrated research effort on geographically the outer margins of the ‘maritime continent’ (centred on the Indonesian Archipelago) in the Western Pacific where tropical cyclone frequency is very high. This region presents a diversity of socio-economies and an opportunity to produce adapted forest-land management measures in preparation for future global change (warming and anthropogenic). Such measures can then be extrapolated to currently less frequently, affected areas from extreme events like hurricane Mitch. Examples from research in the tropical- cyclone prone, “Wet Tropics” of northeast Australia linked with the management of tropical rainforests and the adjoining sugar cane lands are then used to demonstrate these opportunities.

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Notes

  1. Instead of using ‘deforestation’, the term forest conversion will be used in the broader context of Forest LC/LU change following the arguments of Hamilton (1988a, 2004 see p. 866).

  2. Using the paired catchment studies classification of Brown et al. (2005) this is termed a forest conversion experiment by replacing one forest type by another but as indicated under note 1) the term forest conversion is used in a broader context in this text.

  3. Bouwer (1966) showed that K* maybe as low as 0.5 Ks (saturated hydraulic conductivity)

  4. Examples of K*: Tomasella and Hodnett 1996 : 66 mmh −1 pasture, >800 mmh −1, forest, Xanthic Ferrasol (using FAO-UNESCO soil classification, 1974 , 1988 except where stated), Fazenda Dimona, central Amazonia, Brazil; Elsenbeer et al. 1999: for three pasture sites, 13 to 28.1 mmh −1 ; forest, 146–181 mmh −1 (excluding temporal hydrophobicity effects),Ferrasols Rancho Grande, Rondonia, Brazil,; de Moraes et al. 2006: for near surface (0.10 m depth) pasture 4  mmh −1 , Ferrasols; forest 230 mmh −1 , haplic Plinthosol, Fazenda Vitoria, Para,Brazil; Zimmermann et al. 2006: infiltrability (0 m depth)) pasture 122 mmh−1, forest 1,533 mmh−1, Kandiuduits (USDA, Soil Survey Staff, 1999); Rancho Grande, Rondonia, Brazil; Zimmermann and Elsenbeer 2008 : at 0.125 m depth 14 mmh −1 pasture, 738 mmh −1 forest, Inceptisols and Histosols (using USDA, Soil Survey Staff, 1999), Reserva Biosfera de San Francisco, Eastern Cordillera, Ecuador.

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Acknowledgement

Nicole Archer of the University of Dundee Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of UNESCO is thanked for her assistance in reformatting the reference listing to journal requirements. The author would also like to express his gratefull appreciation to Bioforsk, Norway for sponsoring the colour reproductions of Figures 1 and 4.

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  1. The Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of UNESCO, The University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK

    Mike Bonell

  2. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Qld. 4870, Australia

    Mike Bonell

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  1. Mike Bonell
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Correspondence to Mike Bonell.

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This manuscript is partly based on the keynote presentation given to the The Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences (Belgium)—International Symposium on Developing Countries facing Global Warming: a post-Kyoto Assessment, June 12–13, 2009

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Bonell, M. The impacts of global change in the humid tropics: selected rainfall-runoff issues linked with tropical forest-land management. Irrig Drainage Syst 24, 279–325 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-010-9104-8

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