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Ether and Relativity

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Abstract

We consider one of the fundamental debates in performing the relativity theory, namely, the ether and the relativity points of view, in a way to aid the learning of the subjects. In addition, we present our views and prospects while describing the issues that being accessible to many physicists and allowing broader views. Also, we very briefly review the two almost recent observations of the Webb redshift and the ultra high energy cosmic rays, and the modified relativity models that have been presented to justify them, wherein we express that these justifications have not been performed via a single model with a single mechanism.

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Notes

  1. 1 This point of view is a return to the Aristotle idea. Incidentally, this idea is related to the relational physics [3, 4], which means a physical system is in a way that positions and other properties of things have meanings just with respect to the other things. This point of view is a prelude to the Mach ideas, particularly the weak version of it.

  2. 2 The Aristotle point of view on space was asserted in his definition of place as the limit between the surrounding and the surrounded body [10], and also as the innermost motionless boundary of that which surrounds it [11, 12].

  3. 3 Also, the Lense-Thirring precession effect (see, e.g., Refs. [18–20]), or actually the frame-dragging effect [21, 22], must be neglected.

  4. 4 Such a contraction was accounted in terms of the Lorentz electron theory [31]; however, it is believed that some other results predicted from his theory could not be found experimentally [24] and the theory has some philosophical deficit such that its basic assumptions are unverifiable [14].

  5. 5 However, nowadays, the discovery of the acceleration of the universe [44–47] can be discussed as a possible way of investigating the contrary to such a claim.

  6. 6 Thus, the Newton first law is consistent with special relativity. However, for distinguishing the inertial frames from the rigid frames, instead of the existing context of the Newton first law, one can employ, e.g., the law of light propagation. In fact, the usual definition of rigid bodies cannot be applied in special relativity, although to be consistent with it, some new definitions have been stated. For instance, the characteristic of rigidity is assigned to a body as relative-rigidity that any length element of the body on the move remains invariant with respect to the comoving observer [50] or a body on the move somehow deforms continuously that each of its infinitesimal elements has just the Lorentz contraction with respect to the instantaneous rest observer [51].

  7. 7 His critical view on the STR has been explicitly expressed in the foreward to the ninth edition of his book [16].

  8. 8 Among the reviews on the Lorentz violation, Ref. [54] includes the theoretical approaches as well as the phenomenological analysis.

  9. 9 Meanwhile, for grasping more about the contents and points that led to the advent of the GTR; see Refs. [66–70].

  10. 10 Principally in gravitational physics, energy itself acts as a source of gravity and is not capable of simply being thrown away, and also one cannot easily rescale the zero point of it [72, 73].

  11. 11 It had been thought that generally invariant field equations cannot uniquely determine the gravitational field generated by certain distributions of source masses, in contradiction with the requirement of physical causality [14, 15, 74, 75].

  12. 12 This is known as the point-coincidence discussion.

  13. 13 In this respect; see also Ref. [15] and references therein.

  14. 14 That is, the ether as a substance of some kind, and not a type of vacuum without any properties intrinsic to itself (e.g., the ether would have the property of ponderability, which is to say, it has the power to gravitate or to generate curvature).

  15. 15 By adopting that the ether gravitates only in the presence of matter.

  16. 16 Note that, in general, any relativistic gravitational equation, including the Einstein equations of the GTR, is needed to be non-linear, and hence, its number of independent solutions are not finite and the superposition principle is not also valid for it.

  17. 17 However in the Mach ideas, there is also no description about why the interaction should be velocity-independent, but acceleration-dependent, and or indeed, why there is such a distinction between unaccelerated and accelerated motion in the nature.

  18. 18 Incidentally, by this insertion, he also provided the possibility of having a static solution for the universe (that was thought to be so at that time), as an appropriate condition on the GTR.

  19. 19 Even a sufficiently small value of the cosmological constant can have very important effects on the evolution of the universe; and although the implications of this term are cosmological, the origin of it is probably to be found in the quantum theory rather than cosmology.

  20. 20 The Einstein equations are G μ ν =(8π G/c 4)T μ ν , where G μ ν is the Einstein tensor as a function of the metric and its derivatives, G is the Newtonian gravitational constant, T μ ν is the energy-momentum tensor and the lower case Greek indices run from zero to three. The Einstein equations plus the cosmological constant are G μ ν −Λg μ ν =(8π G/c 4)T μ ν , where g μ ν is the metric tensor and Λ is a constant.

  21. 21 Meanwhile and almost around the same time, non-static closed solutions of the GTR (corresponding to an expanding distribution of matter) were discovered, and also it was specified that the universe is not static, but rather is expanding in the large-scale (that was officially published a few years later [108]).

  22. 22 Incidentally, according to quantum theory, the vacuum has vacuum fluctuations and an energy tensor (zero-point energy) that the only form of it (being the same in all inertial frames) is a constant multiple of the metric, i.e. the same as the cosmological constant term. However, the calculations based on theories of elementary particles yield a value for the corresponding cosmological constant term to be orders of magnitude far larger than the observations allow. This discrepancy is known as the cosmological constant problem; see, e.g., Refs. [112–117] and references therein.

  23. 23 This point of view seems not to be irrelevant with the strong version of the Mach principle.

  24. 24 For this subject; see, e.g., Ref. [185].

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Research Office of Shahid Beheshti University for the financial support.

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  1. Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 19839, Iran

    Mehrdad Farhoudi & Maysam Yousefian

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  1. Mehrdad Farhoudi
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Farhoudi, M., Yousefian, M. Ether and Relativity. Int J Theor Phys 55, 2436–2454 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-015-2881-y

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