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Experimental Investigations on Stability and Viscosity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)-Based Non-Newtonian Nanofluids with Different Nanoparticles with the Combination of Distilled Water

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Abstract

This paper presents the experimental analysis of stability and rheological studies of three different types of nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2) with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based nanofluids. The two-step method was adopted for the preparation of nanofluids. In the present study, nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The sedimentation tests and UV–Vis absorbance tests were performed to predict the stability of nanofluids. For all prepared nanofluids when CMC concentration was zero, TiO2 nanofluids was found to be more stable in the visual tests for a period of 18–20 days and CMC (0.4 % by weight) -based TiO2 nanofluid took 28–30 days to sediment. For rheological study of nanofluids, viscosity was measured under the influence of increasing particle concentration (0.01 % to 0.04 %) and increasing temperature (25 °C to 55 °C). The experimental results reveal that on increasing particle concentration the viscosity of nanofluids increases by 27 %, 21.5 % and 17.4 % for TiO2, Al2O3 and CuO nanofluids respectively as compared to the base fluid. While on the increasing temperature from 25 °C to 55 °C, the viscosity of nanofluids decreases by 11 %, 12 % and 9 % for Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2, respectively. Moreover, from the shear stress vs. shear rate trends, it was concluded that all three nanofluids exhibit pseudoplastic or shear-thinning nature.

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Abbreviations

w:

Weight, (g)

K :

Shape factor

D:

Average particle size, (nm)

Al2O3 :

Aluminium oxide

CuO:

Copper oxide

TiO2 :

Titanium oxide

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

n :

Flow behavior index

m :

Consistency index

\(\rho\) :

Density of fluid, (kg·m−3)

ϕ :

Nanoparticle volume concentration

τ :

Shear stress

μ :

Dynamic viscosity, (Pa-s)

β :

Peak width at half the maximum height

\(\dot{\gamma }\) :

Shear rate, (1·s−1)

λ:

Wavelength, (Å)

θ:

Diffraction angle

bf:

Base fluid

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, Garhwal, Srinagar, 246174, India

    Prabhakar Zainith & Niraj Kumar Mishra

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Zainith, P., Mishra, N.K. Experimental Investigations on Stability and Viscosity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)-Based Non-Newtonian Nanofluids with Different Nanoparticles with the Combination of Distilled Water. Int J Thermophys 42, 137 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-021-02890-1

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