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The Challenge of Coexistence: Changes in Activity Budget and Ranging Behaviour of Brown Howler Monkeys in Response to the Presence of Conspecifics and Heterospecifics

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Abstract

The presence of other animals, both conspecifics and heterospecifics, is a major driving force for how animals organize themselves in space and time. Although theoretical models are available to explain the role of each in animal movement, fine-scale assessments of daily movement are scarce, particularly for primates. Hence, our goal was to assess whether and how the presence of conspecifics and heterospecifics influence spatiotemporal landscape use in two, wild, howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) groups. We followed the groups for 14 months in a large, continuous forest, during which we recorded their daily path length (DPL), home range, activity budget, feeding, and the presence of other groups (conspecifics) and other species (heterospecifics). The two groups differed in DPL, home range, proportion of fruits ingested, and time devoted to moving and resting. Partial least squares path modelling showed that variation in DPL was explained by the percentage of leaves or fruits ingested and by the presence of conspecifics, but not of heterospecifics. Group differences in several ecological variables emphasise the need to conduct further studies of space use with more groups in the same area to understand the underlying mechanisms of these differences. Moreover, our analysis shows that within-species interactions may be a stronger force in spatiotemporal organisation than interspecies interactions, at least in this folivorous primate. This is relevant from both a theoretical standpoint, and also when considering the consequences of habitat fragmentation and reduction. Deforestation leads to decreased resource availability and increased likelihood of encounters with conspecifics, which ultimately alters the proportion of food items ingested and increases the DPL, disrupting energy balance.

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Acknowledgments

A preliminary version of this paper was presented to a committee in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the PhD degree. Hence, we are indebted to committee members J.C. Bicca-Marques, P. Izar, R. G. Ferreira, and A. Araújo for their important suggestions, which greatly increased the quality increase of this paper. We are also thankful to A. Caccavo for producing the home range figure; I. Campell from Stackoverflow for enabling the calculation of DPL using a simple R code. We would also thank L. Wiseman-Jones for her help in proofreading the English language of this paper. Finally, the authors thank the anonymous referees, the Associate Editor and the Editor-in-Chief, for reviews that greatly enhanced the quality of the manuscript. Fieldwork was conducted within the current legal norms in Brazil (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade License number 55826-1; Secretaria do Meio Ambiente - Fundação Florestal authorisantion number 009.188/2016; SISGEN register number A165E11).

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• One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as an underrepresented ethnic minority in science.

• One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of the LGBTQ+ community.

• While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote gender balance in our reference list.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001 (to GS), and part by FAPESP (#2017/07954-0) (to LFF).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Gisela Sobral & Claudio Alvarenga de Oliveira

  2. São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

    Lisieux F. Fuzessy

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  1. Gisela Sobral
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Correspondence to Gisela Sobral.

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Sobral, G., Fuzessy, L.F. & de Oliveira, C.A. The Challenge of Coexistence: Changes in Activity Budget and Ranging Behaviour of Brown Howler Monkeys in Response to the Presence of Conspecifics and Heterospecifics. Int J Primatol 44, 558–580 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-023-00359-6

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