Skip to main content
Log in

Size, Site Fidelity, and Overlap of Home Ranges and Core Areas in the Socially Monogamous Owl Monkey (Aotus azarae) of Northern Argentina

  • Published:
International Journal of Primatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 04 July 2014

Abstract

In addition to environmental factors, social variables such as group size may play an important role in explaining primate ranging patterns. In this study we investigated range sizes, site fidelity, and range overlaps of owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) in Northern Argentina. We calculated the size of home range and core areas for 18 groups in our study area. For the six most intensively studied groups we tested whether precipitation as a crude proxy for food availability or group size had an influence on range size, assessed the degree of site fidelity by quantifying overlaps of annual ranges and core areas, and calculated the amount of range overlap between neighboring groups for each year. We used the kernel density estimation method to calculate home ranges as 90% kernel and core areas as 50% kernel. Home range size (mean ± SD) was 6.2 ha (± 1.8) and core area size 1.9 (± 0.6). Rainfall and group size were not statistically significant predictors of range sizes. Site fidelity was high, with a range overlap of 82% (± 11) between consecutive years. Neighboring groups overlapped over 48% (± 15) of the outer parts of their group ranges and 11% (± 15) of their core areas. We found no evidence that larger groups occupy larger areas than smaller groups, suggesting that food availability might be above a critical threshold for owl monkeys so that larger groups do not need to extend their foraging areas to meet their energy requirements. Our findings indicate that ranges remain stable over several years as groups visit the same locations of fruit trees within their range. We showed that owl monkeys exhibit a considerable degree of range overlap. However, we suggest that this range overlap might be spatial rather than temporal, which maximizes access to clumped feeding resources in overlapping areas that are used at distinct times, while excluding other males from access to females in exclusively used areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agostini, I., Holzmann, I., & Di Bitetti, M. S. (2010). Ranging patterns of two syntopic howler monkey species (Alouatta guariba and A. caraya) in Northeastern Argentina. International Journal of Primatology, 31, 363–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babb, P., McIntosh, A., Fernandez-Duque, E., Di Fiore, A., & Schurr, T. (2011). An optimized microsatellite genotyping strategy for assessing genetic identity and kinship in Azara’s owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). Folia Primatologica, 82, 107–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barg, J. J., Jones, J., & Robertson, R. J. (2005). Describing breeding territories of migratory passerines: Suggestions for sampling, choice of estimator, and delineation of core areas. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 139–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benadi, G., Fichtel, C., & Kappeler, P. (2008). Intergroup relations and home range use in Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). American Journal of Primatology, 70, 956–965.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, H. L. (2004). Hawth’s analysis tools for ArcGIS. Available at http://www.spatialecology.com/htools (Accessed April 1, 2014).

  • Biebouw, K. (2009). Home range size and use in Allocebus trichotis in Analamazaotra Special Reserve, Central Eastern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology, 30, 367–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boesch, C., & Boesch-Ackermann, H. (2000). The chimpanzees of the Taï Forest: Behavioral ecology and evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boitani, L., & Fuller, T. K. (2000). Research techniques in animal ecology: Controversies and consequences. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Börger, L., Franconi, N., de Michele, G., Gantz, A., Meschi, F., Manica, A., Lovari, S., & Coulson, T. (2006). Effects of sampling regime on the mean and variance of home range size estimates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 1393–1405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brockman, D. K., & van Schaik, C. (2005). Seasonality in primates. Studies of living and extinct human and non-human primates. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buij, R., Wich, S. A., Lubis, A. H., & Sterck, E. H. M. (2002). Seasonal movements in the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and consequences for conservation. Biological Conservation, 107, 83–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgman, M. A., & Fox, J. C. (2003). Bias in species range estimates from minimum convex polygons: Implications for conservation and options for improved planning. Animal Conservation, 6, 19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, W. H. (1943). Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 24, 346–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buzzard, P. J. (2006). Ranging patterns in relation to seasonality and frugivory among Cercopithecus campbelli, C. petaurista, and C. diana in the Taï Forest. International Journal of Primatology, 27, 559–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Harvey, P. H. (1977a). Primate ecology and social organization. Journal of Zoology, 183, 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Harvey, P. H. (1977b). Species differences in feeding and ranging behavior in primates. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), Primate ecology. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Harvey, P. H. (1981). Primate home range size and metabolic needs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 8, 151–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corley, M., Spence-Aizenberg, A., Morucci, K., Rotundo, M., Di Fiore, A., Fernandez-Duque, E. (2014). The function of scent-marking in territorial owl monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 153(S58), 98.

  • Cowlishaw, G. (1992). Song function in gibbons. Behaviour, 121, 131–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dias, L. G., & Strier, K. B. (2003). Effects of group size on ranging patterns in Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Bitetti, M. S. (2001). Home-range use by the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella nigritus) in a subtropical rainforest of Argentina. Journal of Zoology, 253, 33–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, F. S., Way, B. M., & Baudoin, C. (2010). Spatial dynamics and the evolution of social monogamy in mammals. Behavioral Ecology, 21, 747–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. M. (1988). Primate social systems. London: Croom Helm.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Erkert, H. G., Fernandez-Duque, E., Rotundo, M., & Scheideler, A. (2012). Seasonal variation of temporal niche in wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco: A matter of masking? Chronobiology International, 29, 702–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fashing, P. (2001). Male and female strategies during intergroup encounters in guerezas (Colobus guereza): Evidence for resource defense mediated through males and a comparison with other primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 219–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E. (2002). Environmental determinants of birth seasonality in night monkeys (Aotus azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco. International Journal of Primatology, 23, 639–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E. (2009). Natal dispersal in monogamous owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco. Behaviour, 146, 583–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E. (2011a). Rensch’s rule, Bergmann’s effect and adult sexual dimorphism in wild monogamous owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) of Argentina. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 146, 38–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E. (2011b). The Aotinae: Social monogamy in the only nocturnal Haplorhynes. In C. J. Campbell, A. Fuentes, K. C. MacKinnon, S. Bearder, & R. Stumpf (Eds.), Primates in perspective (2nd ed., pp. 139–154). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E., Di Fiore, A., & Carrillo-Bilbao, G. (2008a). Behavior, ecology, and demography of Aotus vociferans in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. International Journal of Primatology, 29, 421–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E., Juárez, C., & Di Fiore, A. (2008b). Adult male replacement and subsequent infant care by male and siblings in socially monogamous owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). Primates, 49, 81–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E., La Iglesia, H., de Erkert, H. G., & Gursky-Doyen, S. (2010). Moonstruck primates: Owl monkeys (Aotus) need moonlight for nocturnal activity in their natural environment. PLoS ONE, 5, e12572.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E., Rotundo, M., & Sloan, C. (2001). Density and population structure of owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) in the Argentinean Chaco. American Journal of Primatology, 53, 99–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E., Valeggia, C. R., & Mendoza, S. P. (2009). The biology of paternal care in human and nonhuman primates. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, E., van der Heide, G., Fernandez-Duque, E., & Heide, G. (2013). Dry season resources and their relationship with owl monkey (Aotus azarae): Feeding behavior, demography, and life history. International Journal of Primatology, 34, 752–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fietz, J., Zischler, H., Schwiegk, C., Tomiuk, J., Dausmann, K. H., & Ganzhorn, J. U. (2000). High rates of extra-pair young in the pair-living fat-tailed dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus medius. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 8–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garber, P. A., Pruetz, J. D., & Isaacson, J. (1993). Patterns of range use, range defense, and intergroup spacing in moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax). Primates, 34, 11–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García, J. E., & Braza, F. (1987). Activity rhythms and use of space of a group of Aotus azarae in Bolivia during the rainy season. Primates, 28, 337–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gitzen, R. A., Millspaugh, J. J., & Kernohan, B. J. (2006). Bandwidth-selection for fixed-kernel analysis of animal utilization distributions. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70, 1334–1344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemson, G., Johnson, P., South, A., Kenward, R., Ripley, R., & MacDonald, D. (2005). Are kernels the mustard? Data from global positioning system (GPS) collars suggests problems for kernel home-range analyses with least-squares cross-validation. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, 455–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., & Rothe, H. (2001). Territory characteristics among three neighboring chimpanzee communities in the Taï National Park, Cote d’Ivoire. International Journal of Primatology, 22, 143–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horne, J. S., & Garton, E. O. (2006). Likelihood cross-validation versus least squares cross-validation for choosing the smoothing parameter in kernel home-range analysis. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70, 641–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huck, M., & Fernandez-Duque, E. (2012). Children of divorce: Effects of adult replacements on previous offspring in Argentinean owl monkeys. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 66, 505–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huck, M., & Fernandez-Duque, E. (2013). When dads help: Male behavioral care during primate infant development. In K. B. H. Clancy, K. Hinde, & J. N. Rutherford (Eds.), Building babies: Primate development in proximate and ultimate perspective. Developments in primatology: progress and prospects (Vol. 37, pp. 361–385). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huck, M., Rotundo, M., & Fernandez-Duque, E. (2011). Growth and development in wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) of Argentina. International Journal of Primatology, 32, 1133–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, L. A., Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). Costs and benefits of home range shifts among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 27, 351–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, L. A., Pruetz, J. D., & Young, T. P. (1998). Movements of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) as estimators of food resource size, density, and distribution. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 42, 123–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, L. A., & van Vuren, D. (1996). Differential costs of locational and social dispersal and their consequences for female group-living primates. Behaviour, 133, 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janmaat, K. R. L., Olupot, W., Chancellor, R. L., Arlet, M. E., & Waser, P. M. (2009). Long-term site fidelity and individual home range shifts in Lophocebus albigena. International Journal of Primatology, 30, 443–466.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, A., & Pride, E. (1999). Troop histories and range inertia of Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar: A 33-year perspective. International Journal of Primatology, 20, 359–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juárez, C. P. (2012). Demografía e historia de vida del mono mirikiná (Aotus a. azarai) en el Chaco Húmedo Formoseño. Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina

  • Juárez, C., Kowaleski, M., Baldovino, C., & Fernandez-Duque, E. (2012). Los primates de Argentina: Ecología y conservación. In G. Porini & D. Ramadori (Eds.), Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en Argentina: Programas de Especies Amenazadas. Buenos Aires: Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernohan, B. J., Gitzen, R. A., & Millspaugh, J. J. (2001). Analysis of animal space use and movements. In J. J. Millspaugh & J. M. Marzluff (Eds.), Radio tracking and animal populations (pp. 125–166). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Komers, P. E., & Brotherton, P. N. M. (1997). Female space use is the best predictor of monogamy in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 264, 1261–1270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, P. N., & Kelly, M. J. (2008). A critical review of home range studies. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72, 290–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazaro-Perea, C. (2001). Intergroup interactions in wild common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: territorial defence and assessment of neighbours. Animal Behaviour, 62, 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, S. M., Nargolwalla, M., Faulkner, A., Taylor, N., & Lundy, R. (2007). Test of the optimal body size model for strepsirhines. International Journal of Primatology, 28, 211–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowen, C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1994). Territory size and defendability in primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 35, 347–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, D., & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2013). The evolution of social monogamy in mammals. Science, 341, 526–529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, A. C., Alberts, S. C., & Altmann, J. (2012). Intergroup conflict: Ecological predictors of winning and consequences of defeat in a wild primate population. Animal Behaviour, 84, 399–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertl-Millhollen, A. S. (2000). Tradition in Lemur catta behavior at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology, 21, 287–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milton, K., & May, M. (1976). Body weight, diet and home range in primates. Nature, 259, 459–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitani, J. C., & Rodman, P. S. (1979). Territoriality: The relation of ranging pattern and home range size to defendability, with an analysis of territoriality among primate species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 5, 241–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitani, J. C., & Watts, D. P. (2005). Correlates of territorial boundary patrol behaviour in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 70, 1079–1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton-Fisher, N. E. (2003). The home range of the Sonso community of chimpanzees from the Budongo Forest, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 41, 150–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nievergelt, C. M., Mutschler, T., & Feistner, A. T. C. (1998). Group encounters and territoriality in wild Aloatran gentle lemurs (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis). American Journal of Primatology, 46, 251–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palombit, R. (1994). Dynamic pair bonds in hylobatids: Implications regarding monogamous social systems. Behaviour, 128, 65–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Placci, L. (1995). Estructura y funcionamiento fenológico en relación a un gradiente hídrico en bosques del este de Formosa. Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.

  • Ramos-Fernandez, G., Smith Aguilar, S. E., Schaffner, C. M., Vick, L. G., Aureli, F., & Gursky-Doyen, S. (2013). Site fidelity in space use by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. PLoS ONE, 8, e62813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, A. R., Carr, A. P., Beyer, H. L., & Kie, J. G. (2007). HRT: home range tools for ArcGIS. Version 1.1. Edited by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research. Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

  • Savagian, A., Twitchell-Heyne, A., Corley, M., Rotundo M., Di Fiore, A., Fernandez-Duque, E. (2014). Resource utilization and home range overlap in territorial owl monkeys of Argentina. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 153(S58), 230.

  • Steenbeek, R., & van Schaik, C. P. (2001). Competition and group size in Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi): The folivore paradox revisited. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, E. J., Nguyen, N., & Fashing, P. J. (2000). Spatial patterning in nocturnal Prosimians: A review of methods and relevance to studies of sociality. American Journal of Primatology, 21, 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylviane, M., Volampeno, N., Masters, J. C., & Downs, C. T. (2011). Home range size in the blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons): A comparison between dry and wet seasons. Mammalian Biology, 76, 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swihart, R. K., & Slade, N. A. (1985). Testing for independence of observations in animal movements. Ecology, 1176–1184.

  • Tattersall, I. (2006). The concept of cathemerality: History and definition. Folia Primatologica, 77, 7–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teichroeb, J. A., & Sicotte, P. (2009). Test of the ecological-constraints model on ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) in Ghana. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 49–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Heide, G., Fernandez-Duque, E., Iriart, D., & Juárez, C. P. (2012). Do forest composition and fruit availability predict demographic differences among groups of territorial owl monkeys (Aotus azarai)? International Journal of Primatology, 33, 184–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wartmann, F. M., Purves, R. S., & van Schaik, C. P. (2010). Modelling ranging behaviour of female orang-utans: A case study in Tuanan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Primates, 51, 119–130.

  • Watts, D. P. (1998). Long-term habitat use by mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei): Consistency, variation and home range size and stability. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 651–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M., Pusey, A. E., Carlis, J. V., Farm, B. P., & Goodall, J. (2002). Female competition and male territorial behaviour influence female chimpanzees’ ranging patterns. Animal Behaviour, 63, 347–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. L., Hauser, M. D., & Wrangham, R. W. (2001). Does participation in intergroup conflict depend on numerical assessment, range location, or rank for wild chimpanzees? Animal Behaviour, 61, 1203–1216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worton, B. J. (1989). Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecology, 70, 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wrangham, R., Crofoot, M., Lundy, R., & Gilby, I. (2007). Use of overlap zones among group-living primates: A test of the risk hypothesis. Behaviour, 144, 1599–1619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wray, S., Cresswell, W., White, P., & Harris, S. (1992). What, if anything, is a core area? An analysis of the problems of describing internal range configurations. In I. G. Priede & S. M. Swift (Eds.), Wildlife telemetry: Remote monitoring and tracking animals (pp. 257–271). New York: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. C. (1978). Home range, activity pattern, and agonistic encounters of a group of night monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) in Peru. Folia Primatologica, 29, 43–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. C. (1994). The behavior and ecology of the owl monkey. In J. F. Baer, R. E. Weller, & I. Kakoma (Eds.), Aotus: The owl monkey (p. 95). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S.-Y. (1995). Activity and ranging patterns in relation to fruit utilization by brown capuchins (Cebus apella) in French Guiana. International Journal of Primatology, 16, 489–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Q., Tang, X., Huang, H., & Huang, C. (2011). Factors affecting the ranging behavior of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus). International Journal of Primatology, 32, 511–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The Ministerio de la Producción, Subsecretaría de Ecología y Recursos Naturales from Formosa Province and the Dirección de Fauna Silvestre de la Nación Argentina authorized the fieldwork. The authors thank Fundación ECO of Formosa, Argentina for logistical support and Estancia Guaycolec for permission to work on their premises. We acknowledge the efforts of all researchers, students, and volunteers who contributed to data collection, especially Victor Dávalos and Marcelo Rotundo. E. Fernandez-Duque thanks Anthony Di Fiore for early discussions that influenced the collection and organization of ranging data. We thank Anthony Di Fiore and Maren Huck for valuable comments on a previous version of this manuscript and Kathleen Woodhouse-Ledermann for proofreading. F. M. Wartmann is grateful for financial support by the Forschungskredit of the University of Zurich, grant no. FK-13-104 and for the hospitality and support received from Anastacia Gimenez and Rodrigo Flores during her stays in Formosa. E. Fernandez-Duque acknowledges the financial support during all these years from the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation (BCS- 0621020), the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation, and the Zoological Society of San Diego. We thank the editors and two anonymous reviewers for their comments which helped to improve the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Flurina M. Wartmann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wartmann, F.M., Juárez, C.P. & Fernandez-Duque, E. Size, Site Fidelity, and Overlap of Home Ranges and Core Areas in the Socially Monogamous Owl Monkey (Aotus azarae) of Northern Argentina. Int J Primatol 35, 919–939 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9771-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9771-7

Keywords

Navigation