Abstract
This article employs quantitative critical race theory (QuantCrit), set against a historical context backdrop, to understand key aspects of Black religious engagement and post-college educational pathways. The variables selected for this study illuminate post-graduation outcomes for Black students valued by the Freedmen’s Bureau and other similarly focused organizations that coalesced immediately before, during, and shortly after the American Civil War. Data from the 1979-80 National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA) provides the content for an analysis herein of Black Americans engaging in the church following college graduation and their pursuit of advanced degrees. This survey conducted roughly 100 years following the Civil War, has remained influential to policymakers to the present day and allows an opportunity to reflect on today’s views on Black education at this sesquicentennial juncture. So doing provides for a reconceptualization of Black post-college success as originally imagined by organizations dedicated to social and educational initiatives for freedmen and remains independent of the metrics that often obscure the landscape and perception of Black post-college success.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anti-Defamation League. (2022, March 5). What is Critical Race Theory and why is it in the news so much? ADL. https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/what-critical-race-theory-and-why-it-news-so-much.
Backman, D. (2023). A vast labor bureau: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the administration of countervailing black labor power. Yale Journal on Regulation, 40(2), 837–874.
Bausell, S. B., Staton, T. A., & Hughes, S. (2020). Out of site, out of mind: The evolving significance of race in the story of an early Quaker-Freedmen school. American Educational Research Journal, 57(4), 1730–1756. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219883871.
Bellani, L., Hager, A., & Maurer, S. E. (2022). The long shadow of slavery: The persistence of slave owners in southern lawmaking. Journal of Economic History, 82(1), 250–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050721000590.
Besser, T. L. (2012). Inside the black box: College graduation and civic engagement. Journal of Academic Ethics, 10, 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-012-9167-2.
Black, D. W. (2022). Freedom, democracy, and the right to education. Northwestern University Law Review, 116(4), 1031–1097.
Bowman, N. A., Park, J. J., & Denson, N. (2015). Student involvement in ethnic student organizations: Examining civic outcomes 6 years after graduation. Research in Higher Education, 56, 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-014-9353-8.
Bracey, E. N. (2017). The significance of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the 21st century: Will such institutions of higher learning survive? American Journal of Economics & Sociology, 76(3), 670–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12191.
Butchart, R. (2010). Black hope, White power: Emancipation, Reconstruction, and the legacy of unequal schooling in the U.S. South, 1861–1880. Paedagogica Historica, 46(1/2), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230903528447.
Chen, H., Zheng, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2022, Nov. 18). Current situation and thinking of the career values and career planning of postgraduates in colleges and universities. 12th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME), Xiamen, China. 774–780. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITME56794.2022.00162.
Constantine, J. M. (1995). The effects of attending historically Black colleges and universities on future wages of black students. ILR Review, 48(3), 531–546.
Cornwell, B., Schumm, L. P., & Laumann, E. O. (2008). The social connectedness of older adults: A national profile. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300201.
Crewe, S. E. (2017). Education with intent—The HBCU experience. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 27(5), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1318622.
Crouch, B. A. (1997). Black education in civil war and reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the army, and the Freedmen's Bureau. Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 38(3), 287–308.
Dancy, T. E., II, Smiley, C., & Battle, J. (2019). The enduring significance of higher education for civic engagement: The black LGBT experience. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 6(1), 1–28.
Domke, D. (1996). The press and ‘delusive theories of equality and fraternity’ in the age of emancipation. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 13(3), 228. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039609366977.
Elhage, R., Laosebikan, O., & Black-Parker, K. (2022). Alumni perceptions of the educational benefits of their graduate degrees from a PBI. Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education, 5(2), 93–122.
Federal Bank of Minneapolis (2023). Inflation Calculator. https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator.
Fleischman, R., Tyson, T., & Oldroyd, D. (2014). The U.S. Freedmen’s Bureau in Post-civil War Reconstruction. Accounting Historians Journal, 41(2), 75–109. https://doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.41.2.75.
Ghimire, R. (2021). Homeownership and community involvement: Results from the 2019 metro Atlanta speaks survey. Housing Policy Debate, 31(6), 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1828990.
Gillborn, D., Warmington, P., & Demack, S. (2018). Quant crit: Education, policy, ‘big data’ and principles for a critical race theory of statistics. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(2), 158–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377417.
Givens, J. R., & Ison, A. (2022). Toward new beginnings: A review of native, White, and black American education through the 19th century. Review of Educational Research, 93(3), 319–352. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543221105544.
Goldhaber, M. (1992). A mission unfulfilled: Freedmen’s education in North Carolina, 1865-1870. The Journal of Negro History, 77(4), 199.
Grillo, L. M., Jones, S., Andrews, M., & Whitehead, L. (2022). A pouring into: Theorizing black women’s educational leadership through the afrocentric epistemological lens. Educational Foundations, 35(1), 33–51.
Hatch, L. R., & Mommsen, K. (1984). The widening racial gap in American higher education. Journal of Black Studies, 14(4), 457–476.
Healy, K., Haynes, M., & Hampshire, A. (2007). Gender, social capital and location: Understanding the interactions. International Journal of Social Welfare, 16(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-2397.2006.00471.X.
Irving, M. (2005). Informal savings groups in South Africa: Investing in social capital. Centre for Social Science Research. http://www.cssr.uct.ac.za/index.html.
Jackson, J. S., & Gurin, G. (2005). National Survey of Black Americans, 1979–1980. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08512.v1.
Jones, J. (1979). Women who were more than men: Sex and status in freedmen’s teaching. History of Education Quarterly, 19(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.2307/367809.
Kim, M. M. (2002). Historically Black vs. White institutions: Academic development among black students. The Review of Higher Education, 25(4), 385–407. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2002.0019.
Lafree, G., & Arum, R. (2006). The impact of racially inclusive schooling on adult incarceration rates among U.S. cohorts of African americans and whites since 1930. Criminology, 44(1), 73–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00043.x.
Levine, T. R., & Hullett, C. R. (2002). Eta squared, partial eta squared, and misreporting of effect size in communication research. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-2958.2002.TB00828.X.
Livingston, J. N., Hughes, B., Dawson, K., Williams, D., Mohabir, A., Eleanya, J. A., Cliette, A., G., & Brandon, D. (2017). Feeling no ways tired: A resurgence of activism in the African American community. Journal of Black Studies, 48(3), 279–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934717690526.
Lomax, M. L. (2006). Historically black colleges and universities: Bringing a tradition of engagement into the twenty-first century. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 11(3), 5–13.
Lyn, J. S., & Winfield, J. K. (2021). The heavy LIFT: An approach to retention for HBCUs. New Directions for Higher Education, 2021, 195–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20410.
Mattis, J. S., Jagers, R. S., Hatcher, C. A., Lawhon, G. D., Murphy, J., & Murray, Y. F. (2000). Religiosity, volunteerism, and community involvement among African American men: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(4), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(200007)28:4<391::AID-JCOP2>3.0.CO;2-A.
Montgomery, R., & Montgomery, B. L. (2012). Graduation rates at historically Black colleges and universities: An underperforming performance measure for determining institutional funding policies. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60(2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2012.690623.
National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Digest of Education Statistics. NCEShttps://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d99/fig1.asp.
O’Connell, H. A. (2012). The impact of slavery on racial inequality in poverty in the contemporary U.S. South. Social Forces, 90(3), 713–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor021.
Parker, W. (2003). Teaching democracy: Unity and diversity in public life (J. Banks, Ed.; Illustrated). Teachers College Press.
Perrin, A. J., & Gillis, A. (2019). How college makes citizens: Higher education experiences and political engagement. Socius, 5, https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119859708.
Petts, A. L. (2022). Attitudes about affirmative action in higher education admissions. Sociological Quarterly, 63(4), 711–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1951627.
Reece, R. L. (2020). Whitewashing slavery: Legacy of slavery and White social outcomes. Social Problems, 67(2), 304–323.
Reed, E., Figueroa, E., & Carpenter, M. (2022). What critical race theory is, what it isn’t, and why it is important, you should know: A call to action. Research Issues in Contemporary Education, 7(2), 112–127.
Rosenbaum, J., & Rosenbaum, J. (2016). Money isn’t everything: job satisfaction, nonmonetary job rewards, and sub-baccalaureate credentials. Research in Higher Education Journal, 30. https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/162430.pdf.
Schorr, L. (1998). Common purpose: Strengthening families and neighborhoods to rebuild America. Anchor.
Scott, L., & Sharp, L. A. (2019). Black males who hold advanced degrees: Critical factors that preclude and promote success. Journal of Negro Education, 88(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.88.1.0044.
Scribner, C. F. (2020). Surveying the destruction of African American schoolhouses in the South, 1864–1876. The Journal of the Civil War Era, 10(4), 469–494. https://doi.org/10.1353/cwe.2020.0070.
Stoner, J. R. (2019). Why) did Reconstruction fail? Legislating and constitutionalizing civil rights. Perspectives on Political Science, 48(4), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2019.1630206.
Swart, L. A., Ismail, G., & Seedat, M. (2023). Community participation in a low-income neighborhood: The salience of sociodemographic characteristics, perceptions and experience of violence, and neighborhood attachment. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(1), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCOP.22905.
Tabron, L. A., & Thomas, A. K. (2023). Deeper than wordplay: A systematic review of critical quantitative approaches in education research (2007–2021). Review of Educational Research, 93(5), 756–786. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543221130017.
Tiernan, C., Lysack, C., Neufeld, S., & Lichtenberg, P. (2013). Community engagement: An essential component of well-being in older African-American adults. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 77(3), 233. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.77.3.D.
Torche, F. (2018). Intergenerational mobility at the top of the educational distribution. Sociology of Education, 91(4), 266–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040718801812.
Veniero, C. A. (2021). Education’s deep roots: Historical evidence for the right to a basic minimum education. University of Chicago Law Review, 88(4), 981–1024.
Webber, K. L., & Burns, R. A. (2022). The price of access: Graduate student debt for students of color 2000 to 2016. Journal of Higher Education, 93(6), 934–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2022.2044976.
Wenglinsky, H. H. (1996). The educational justification of historically Black colleges and universities: A policy response to the U.S. Supreme Court. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 18(1), 91–103. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1164232.
Williams, K. L., Russell, A., & Summerville, K. (2021). Centering blackness: An examination of culturally-affirming pedagogy and practices enacted by HBCU administrators and faculty members. Innovative Higher Education, 46(6), 733–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-021-09562-w.
Williams, K. L., Mobley, S. D., Campbell, E., & Jowers, R. (2022). Meeting at the margins: Culturally affirming practices at HBCUs for underserved populations. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education Research, 84(5), 1067–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00816-w.
Winston, F. (2015). Reflections upon community engagement: Service-learning and its effect on political participation after college. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 19(1), 79–103.
Woods, J. C. Jr. (2021). Un(bundling) the black experience at PWIs: Using assets-based frameworks to explore the lived experiences of Black Sub-saharan African-born graduate students in STEM. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education, 13, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v13i5S.4249.
Zhang, C., Kuncel, N. R., & Sackett, P. R. (2023). The implications of STEM college graduates’ course-taking patterns for the graduate school pipeline. Research in Science Education, 53(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-021-10.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Chad Clark for providing the venue in which we were able to explore this topic. We also appreciate his encouragement and willingness to review our drafts. Thank you to Dr. Miguel Casar Rodriguez and Karen Chapman for offering feedback on our draft. Thank you to Kristy Justice for her enthusiasm for this project and encouragement to us.
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Emy Nelson Decker and Benjamin Lugu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Emy Nelson Decker and Benjamin Lugu and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Declaration
None.
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Decker, E.N., Lugu, B. Black Religious Engagement and Post-College Educational Pathways: The Role of Demographic Variables. Innov High Educ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-024-09698-5
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-024-09698-5