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Towards a robust baseline for long-term monitoring of Antarctic coastal benthos

  • TRENDS IN AQUATIC ECOLOGY III
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Abstract

The Southern Ocean represents one of the world regions most sensitive to warming and there is an urgent need for quantitative data to understand changes in coastal communities. This goal can be achieved through the establishment of permanent monitoring sites and robust sampling designs. In this study, we used an emerging, photogrammetry-based technique to simulate a pilot study and test the efficiency of different sampling schemes (Simple Random—SRS-, Systematic—SyS- and Strip—SS-) for estimating the abundances of megabenthic taxa. For taxa showing an aggregated distribution, we also applied an adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) design. In almost the totality of cases, the best accuracy of estimates was achieved with SyS combined with plots of 0.0625 m2. ACS design gave better performances but required a calibration of both the initial sample size and the threshold value to increase efficiency. The ‘one-size-fits-all’ 1 m2 plot size never emerged as the best in any sampling schemes, hence the previously published literature data can be biased. This study represents a fine-scale reference baseline for the study area and the simulations performed will be pivotal in establishing sound-monitoring programmes with sufficient statistical power to detect significative changes in the Antarctic benthos.

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Acknowledgements

The permanent transects analysed in this paper were established during the Project “ICE-LAPSE” (PNRA 2013/AZ1.16: “Analysis of Antarctic benthos dynamics by using non-destructive monitoring devices and permanent stations”, PI: S. Schiaparelli) funded by the Italian National Antarctic Program. We are grateful to Andrea Peirano (ENEA, La Spezia, Italy) and Ian Hawes (University of Waikato, Waikato, NZ) for video recording and the Comando Subacquei ed Incursori (COMSUBIN) of the Italian Navy for their invaluable help and assistance during the dives. We are indebted to Vonda Cummings (NIWA) for English language check. This paper is a contribution to the SCAR-ANTOS Expert Group (https://www.scar.org/science/antos/home/). The collection of 2017 video recordings was funded by the NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. This paper is also contribution of the PNRA project “RosS-BMP” (Ross Sea Benthic Monitoring Program: new non-destructive and machine-learning approaches for the analysis of benthos patterns and dynamics, PNRA18_00263 - B2) and an Italian contribution to the CCAMLR CONSERVATION MEASURE 91-05 (2016) for the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area, specifically, addressing Annex 91-05/C (“long-term monitoring of benthic ecosystem functions”).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA), University of Siena, PO Box 53100, Siena, Italy

    Paola Piazza

  2. Department of Philosophical, Pedagogical and Economic-Quantitative Sciences (Disfipeq) University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy

    Stefano Antonio Gattone

  3. Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Alice Guzzi & Stefano Schiaparelli

  4. Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), Genoa, Italy

    Alice Guzzi & Stefano Schiaparelli

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  1. Paola Piazza
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  2. Stefano Antonio Gattone
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  3. Alice Guzzi
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Supplementary material 1 (PDF 252 kb) Electronic Supplemental Material 1. Orthophotos of the Tera Nova Bay transects.

10750_2020_4177_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 2 (PDF 44 kb) Electronic Supplemental Material 2. Figure representing the main steps for plots creation, from the left respectively: a) grid overlapping; b) selection for position; c) clipping on the transect contour; d) final clipped grid. This example is based on transect PNRA_T2 contour and the area selected, corresponding to ~23 m2 is the same for temporal replicates of 2015 and 2017.

Supplementary material 3 (PDF 8 kb)

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Supplementary material 4 (R 1 kb) Electronic Supplemental Material 3. Table resuming the sizes (plot area measured in m2) and numbers of plots for each grid overlaid on the studied transects. Inside the brackets are reported the total numbers of plots created over single transects, while outside the final number of plots retained because included in the area effectively overlapping between temporal replicates, in 2015 and 2017 (see ESM_2.pdf, the number of total plots correspond to plots illustrated in box c with different colors, the number of retained plot correspond to yellow plots represented in box d).

Supplementary material 5 (R 1 kb) Electronic Supplemental Material 4. R Markdown for ACS sampling design.

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Supplementary material 6 (R 5 kb) Electronic Supplemental Material 5. Boxplot with best performance of each sampling design for each species.

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Piazza, P., Gattone, S.A., Guzzi, A. et al. Towards a robust baseline for long-term monitoring of Antarctic coastal benthos. Hydrobiologia 847, 1753–1771 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04177-2

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