Abstract
Somatic cybridization is a technique based on inducted or spontaneous fusion between nuclear genome of one parent and either the cytoplasmic genome of the other parent or a combination of both donors. This approach is considered a powerful biotechnological tool in plant improvement since it enables to obtain novel intergenomic recombinations that are impossible to achieve by conventional crosses. Twenty-five plants were regenerated following protoplast fusion of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and a new 2n cybrid has been identified (4 % of plants obtained). A complete phytochemical investigation of the new genotype and both parents was carried out analyzing the polyphenol content of juices by liquid-chromatography–ultraviolet–diode array detector–mass spectrometry and the peel essential oils using a combination of gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometry. On the whole 10 flavonoids (7 flavanone and 3 flavones) and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids were detected and quantified, while 67 components were fully characterized and grouped into four classes (monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and others) for an easier comparison of all oils. Comparing the new cybrid to both parents an increase of the monoterpene hydrocarbons and a corresponding decrease of oxygenated components were shown. The aim of the present work was to evaluate whether the genome rearrangements in the new cybrid, obtained through not conventional strategies, can produce superior traits and improved performance such as enhanced presence and quality of bioactive components.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbate L, Tusa N, Fatta Del Bosco S, Strano T, Renda A, Ruberto G (2012) Genetic improvement of Citrus fruits: new somatic hybrids from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Food Res Int 48:284–290
Adams RP (2007) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 4th edn. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream
Amirsadeghi S, Robson CA, Vanlerberghe GC (2007) The role of the mitochondrion in plant responses to biotic stress. Physiol Plant 129:253–266
Atienza SG, Martín A, Pecchioni N, Platani C, Cattivelli L (2008) The nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction controls carotenoid content in wheat. Euphytica 159:325–331
Barkley NA, Roose ML, Krueger RR, Federici CT (2006) Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs). Theor Appl Genet 112:1519–1531
Barreca D, Bellocco E, Caristi C, Leuzzi U, Gattuso G (2011) Distribution of C- and O-glycosyl flavonoids, (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl) glycosyl flavanones and furocoumarins in Citrus aurantium L. juice. Food Chem 124:576–582
Bassene J-B, Berti L, Carcouet E, Dhuique-Mayer C, Fanciullino A-L, Bouffin J, Ollitrault P, Froelicher Y (2008) Influence of mitochondria origin on fruit quality in a citrus cybrid. J Agric Food Chem 56:8635–8640
Bassene J-B, Froelicher Y, Navarro L, Ollitrault P, Ancillo G (2011) Influence of mitochondria on gene expression in a citrus cybrid. Plant Cell Rep 30:1077–1085
Benavente-García O, Castillo J (2008) Update on uses and properties of Citrus flavonoids: new findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J Agric Food Chem 56:6185–6205
Cheng Y, Guo W, Deng X (2003) cpSSR: a new tool to analyse chloroplast genome of Citrus somatic hybrids. Acta Bot Sin 45:906–909
Cheng Y, De Vicente MC, Meng H, Guo W, Tao N, Deng X (2005) A set of primers for analyzing chloroplast DNA diversity in Citrus and related genera. Tree Physiol 25:661–672
Dinakar C, Abhaypratap V, Yearla SR, Raghavendra AS, Padmasree K (2010) Importance of ROS and antioxidant system during the beneficial interactions of mitochondrial metabolism with photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Planta 231:461–474
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:13–15
Fabroni S, Ruberto G, Rapisarda P (2012) Essential oil profiles of new citrus hybrids, a tool for genetic citrus improvement. J Essent Oil Res 24:159–169
Fanciullino A-L, Gancel A, Froelicher Y, Luro F, Ollitrault P, Brillouet JM (2005) Effects of nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions on leaf volatile compounds from citrus somatic diploid hybrids. J Agric Food Chem 53:4517–4523
Fatta Del Bosco S, Abbate L, Tusa N, Strano T, Renda A, Ruberto G (2013) Genetic improvement of Citrus fruits: the essential oil profiles in a Citrus limon backcross progeny derived from somatic hybridization. Food Res Int 50:344–350
Froelicher Y, Mouhaya W, Bassene J, Costantino G, Kamiri M, Luro F, Morillon R, Ollitrault P (2011) New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny. Tree Genet Genomes 7:49–61
Galbraith DW, Lambert GM, Macas J, Doležel J (1998) Analysis of nuclear DNA content and ploidy in higher plants. In: Robinson JP, Darzynkiewicz Z, Dean PN, Dressler LG, Orfao A, Rabinovitch PS, Stewart CC, Tanke HJ, Wheeless LL (eds) Current protocols in cytometry. Wiley, New York, pp 7.6.1–7.6.22
Gancel AL, Ollitrault P, Froelicher Y, Tomi F, Jacquemond C, Luro F, Brillouet J-M (2003) Leaf volatile compounds of seven citrus somatic tetraploid hybrids sharing willow leaf mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) as their common parent. J Agric Food Chem 51:6006–6013
Gancel A-L, Ollitrault P, Froelicher Y, Tomi F, Jacquemond C, Luro F, Brillouet J-M (2005) Citrus somatic allotetraploid hybrids exhibit a differential reduction of leaf sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis compared with their parents. Flavour Fragr J 20:626–632
Grosser JW, Gmitter FG Jr (2011) Protoplast fusion for production of tetraploids and triploids: applications for scion and rootstock breeding in citrus. Plant Cell Tissuebiotechnology of plant organelles Org 104:343–357
Grosser JW, Gmitter FG Jr, Tusa N, Reforgiato Recupero G, Cucinotta P (1996) Further evidence of a cybridization requirement for plant regeneration from citrus leaf protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep 15:672–676
Grosser JW, Ollitrault P, Olivares-Fuster O (2000) Somatic hybridization in citrus: an effective tool to facilitate variety improvement. In Vitro Cell Dev Plant 36:434–449
Guo WW, Cai XD, Grosser JW (2004) Somatic cell cybrids and hybrids in plant improvement. In: Daniel H, Chase CD (eds) Molecular biology and biotechnology of plant organelles. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 635–659
Guo WW, Cheng Y, Chen C, Deng X (2006) Molecular analysis revealed autotetraploid, diploid and tetraploid cybrid plants regenerated from an interspecific somatic fusion in Citrus. Sci Hortic 108:162–166
Guo WW, Wu RC, Cheng YJ, Deng XX (2007) Production and molecular characterization of Citrus intergeneric somatic hybrids between red tangerine and citrange. Plant Breed 126:72–76
Guo WW, Xiao SX, Deng XX (2013) Somatic cybrid production via protoplast fusion for citrus improvement. Sci Hortic 163:20–26
Hamdan DI, Abdulla RH, Mohamed ME, El-Shazly AM (2013) Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni) cultivated in Egypt. J Pharmacogn Phytother 5(5):83–90
Iovene M, Savarese S, Cardi T, Frusciante L, Scotti N, Simon PW, Carputo D (2007) Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome composition of Solanum bulbocastanum (+) S. tuberosum somatic hybrids. Genome 50:443–450
Jannati M, Fotouhi R, Abad AP, Salehi Z (2009) Genetic diversity analysis of Iranian citrus varieties using micro-satellite (SSR) based markers. J Hortic For 1:120–125
Johnson AAT, Veilleux RE (2001) Somatic hybridization and applications in plant breeding. Plant Breed Rev 20:167–225
Jones P, Keane EM, Osborne BA (1998) Effects of alien cytoplasmic variation on carbon assimilation and productivity in wheat. J Exp Bot 49:1519–1528
Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, Coval SM, Binkoski AE, Hilpert KF, Griel AE, Etherton TD (2002) Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 113 (Suppl 9B):71S–88S
Liu Z, Butow RA (2006) Mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Ann Rev Genet 40:159–185
Lota M-L, de Rocca SD, Tomi F, Casanova J (2001) Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils of 15 species of mandarins. Biochem Syst Ecol 29:77–104
Matsui K, Yoshida M, Ban T, Komatsuda T, Kawada N (2002) Role of male-sterile cytoplasm in resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus and Fusarium head blight in barley. Plant Breed 121:237–240
Moreira CD, Chase CD, Gmitter FG Jr, Grosser JW (2000) Inheritance of organelle genomes in citrus somatic cybrids. Mol Breed 6:401–405
Nichenametla SN, Taruscio TG, Barney DL, Exon JH (2006) A review of the effects and mechanism of polyphenolics in cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46:161–183
NIST (1998) National Institute of Standard and Technology. Mass Spectral Library (Version 1998)
Partec (2015). Symsex Europe GmbH, Germany. http://www.sysmex-europe.com/partec
Ram MU, Guddadarangavvanahally KJ, Bhimanagouda SP (2011) Rapid separation method of polymethoxyflavones from citrus using flash chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 81:151–158
Rapisarda P, Pannuzzo P, Romano G, Russo G (2003) Juice components of a new pigmented Citrus hybrid Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. J Agric Food Chem 51:1611–1616
Rhoads DM, Subbaiah CC (2007) Mitochondrial retrograde regulation in plants. Mitochondrion 7:177–194
Ruberto G, Starrantino A, Rapisarda P (1999) Citrus improvement—chemical and genetic aspects. In: Pandalai SG (ed) Recent research developments in agricultural and food chemistry. Research Signpost, Trivandrum, pp 445–470
Saito W, Ohgawara T, Shimizu J, Ishii S, Kobayashi S (1993) Citrus cybrid regeneration following cell fusion between nucellar cells and mesophyll cells. Plant Sci 88:195–201
Shonnard GC, Gepts P (1994) Genetics of heat tolerance during reproductive development in common bean. Crop Sci 34:1168–1175
Siragusa M, Carra A, Salvia L, Puglia AM, De Pasquale F, Carimi F (2007) Genetic instability in calamondin (Citrus madurensis Lour.) plants derived from somatic embryogenesis induced by diphenylurea derivative. Plant Cell Rep 26:1289–1296
Strand A (2004) Plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:621–625
Suzuki N, Koussevitzky S, Mitter R, Miller G (2002) ROS and redox signaling in the response of plants to abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 35:259–270
Szajdek A, Borowska EJ (2008) Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of berry fruits: a review. Plant Food Hum Nutr 63:147–156
Tripoli E, La Guardia M, Giammanco S, Di Majo D, Giammanco M (2007) Citrus flavonoids: molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: a review. Food Chem 104:466–479
Tusa N, Fatta Del Bosco S, Nigro F, Ippolito A (2000) Response of cybrids and a somatic hybrid of lemon to Phoma tracheiphila infections. HortScience 35:125–127
Tusa N, Abbate L, Renda A, Ruberto G (2007) Polyphenol distribution in juices from Citrus allotetraploid somatic hybrids and their sexual hybrids. J Agric Food Chem 55:9089–9094
Uprety DC, Tomar VK (1993) Photosynthesis and drought resistance of Brassica carinata and its parent species. Photosynthetica 29:321–327
Wang L, Pan ZY, Guo WW (2010) Proteomic analysis of leaves from a diploid cybrid produced by protoplast fusion between Satsuma mandarin and pummelo. Plant Cell Tissue Org 103:165–174
Wang J, Jiang J, Wang Y (2013) Protoplast fusion for crop improvement and breeding in China. Plant Cell Tissue Org 112:131–142
Woodson JD, Chory J (2008) Coordination of gene expression between organellar and nuclear genomes. Nat Rev Genet 9:383–395
Yamamoto M, Matsumoto R, Okudai N, Yamada Y (1997) Aborted anthers of Citrus result from gene–cytoplasmic male sterility. Sci Hortic 70:9–14
Zhang A, Yu F, Zhang F (2003) Alien cytoplasm effects on phytosiderophore release in two spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). Gen Res Crop Evol 50:767–772
Zubko MK, Zubko EI, Adler K, Grimm B, Gleba YY (2003) New CMS phenotypes in cybrids Nicotiana tabacum L. (Hyoscyamus niger L.). Ann Bot Lond 92:281–288
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Mrs. Tonia Strano, Mr. Agatino Renda (ICB-CNR, Catania) and Dr. Antonio Motisi (IBBR-CNR, Palermo) for their skilful technical assistance. This work was financially supported by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR, Rome, Italy).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Sergio Fatta Del Bosco and Edoardo Napoli have equally contributed to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fatta Del Bosco, S., Napoli, E., Mercati, F. et al. Somatic cybridization for Citrus: polyphenols distribution in juices and peel essential oil composition of a diploid cybrid from Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Genet Resour Crop Evol 64, 261–275 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0348-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0348-x