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Geotechnical, Geoelectric and Tracing Methods for Earth/Rock-Fill Dam and Embankment Leakage Investigation

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Abstract

Earth/rock-fill dams and embankments are the main water retaining structures in hydraulic projects, and they can effectively resist floods and are of great significance for protecting people's lives and property. Leakage is a common problem in these structures. Investigation activities, including geotechnical, geoelectric, and tracing methods, are required to locate the leakage path and provide a basis for risk mitigation and reinforcement. These three methods provide information on different leakage characteristics, uncertainties, and spatiotemporal distributions. This work first introduces the micro-mechanism of internal erosion and then, provides a site case base for leakage investigation of earth/rock-fill dams and embankments from all over the world. For each investigation method, the basic principle, investigation process, data interpretation, and future potential are summarized. It should be emphasized that geotechnical, geoelectric, and tracing methods are placed on an equal level to assist dam managers and researchers in selecting the most appropriate method to assess dam leakage against specific geological backgrounds and structural types. Finally, the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable conditions of each investigation method are compared. The role of surface investigation methods and internal investigation methods in different stages of leakage is explained. The application of combined methods is discussed at four levels, and a new combined method is proposed.

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Reproduced with permission from Dong et al. (2020)

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Modified with permission from Ikard et al. (2014)

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Modified with permission from Abdulsamad et al. (2019)

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Modified with permission from Ikard et al. (2014)

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Reproduced with permission from Battaglia et al. (2016)

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Modified with permission from Cola et al. (2021) and Khan et al. (2014)

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Modified with permission from Su et al. (2022)

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Acknowledgements

We thank the precious suggestions by anonymous reviewers and editors, which have greatly helped the improvement of the paper. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52279134), and the Program 2022TD-01 for Shaanxi Provincial Innovative Research Team, and the Fund of Jiangxi Provincial Research Center on Hydraulic Structures (Grant No. 2022SKSG04), and the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Reservoir and Dam Safety Ministry of Water Resources (Grant No. YK323001), and the Fundamental research funds for the central nonprofit research institutions (Grant No. HKY-JBYW-2022-01), and the Research Center on Embankment Safety and Disaster Prevention Engineering Technology of Ministry of Water Resources of China (Grant No. LSDP202304).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, Shaanxi, China

    Shenghao Nan, Jie Ren, Zhaoyang Ma, Jie Kang & Hengle Guo

  2. Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, YRCC, Henan Engineering Research Center of hydropower engineering abrasion test and protection, Zhengzhou, 450003, China

    Lei Zhang

  3. Key Laboratory of Reservoir and Dam Safety Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Hongen Li

Authors
  1. Shenghao Nan
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  2. Jie Ren
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  3. Lei Zhang
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  4. Hongen Li
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  5. Zhaoyang Ma
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  6. Jie Kang
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  7. Hengle Guo
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Contributions

SN contributed to conceptualization, data curation, software, methodology, validation, and writing—review & editing. JR contributed to funding acquisition, resources, software, methodology, supervision, and writing—review & editing. LZ and HL contributed to review, and editing. ZM, JK and HG contributed to data curation and writing.

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Correspondence to Jie Ren.

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Nan, S., Ren, J., Zhang, L. et al. Geotechnical, Geoelectric and Tracing Methods for Earth/Rock-Fill Dam and Embankment Leakage Investigation. Surv Geophys 45, 525–576 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09806-8

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