Abstract
In response to a significant contribution of batik industries towards water pollution in Kelantan, this study sought to examine the environmental awareness of the community staying in the vicinity of batik manufacturing units in Kelantan. In this cross-sectional study, 160 participants were administered with interviewer-assisted questionnaire surveys between November 2013 and December 2013. Information pertaining to the participants’ awareness of the batik manufacturing process, nature and disposal of dyes as well as the associated environmental and health impacts due to improper wastewater discharges were recorded. Chi square and multivariate binary logistic regression model was deployed to determine the significance between the socio-demographic variables and the items assessed to explore their environmental awareness. Despite a limited awareness on the batik manufacturing process and chemical properties of dyes, more than half of the study participants were more likely to be aware of the dye disposal methods utilized by the manufacturing units as well as the environmental and health impacts of the wastewater discharges in their neighbourhood. Among the socio-demographic variables, having a formal education recorded a significant association with the nature of dye, dye disposal method, environmental and health impacts due to improper dye disposal. In a nutshell, this study contributed useful empirical insights on the current environmental awareness levels of the community near the batik manufacturing units in Kelantan to devise interventions for the cultivation of community-based surveillance.
References
Akhir, N. H. M., Ismail, N. W., & Said, R. (2015). Traditional craftsmanship: The origin, culture, and challenges of batik industry in Malaysia. In Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication (pp. 229–237). Singapore: Springer.
Akhir, N. H. M., Ismail, N. W., & Utit, C. (2018). Malaysian batik industry contribution analysis using direct and indirect effects of input–output techniques. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(1), 181–194.
Almasi, A., Mohammadi, M., Azizi, A., Berizi, Z., Shamsi, K., Shahbazi, A., et al. (2019). Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of the Kermanshahi women towards reducing, recycling and reusing of municipal solid waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141, 329–338.
Buthiyappan, A., Raman, A. A. A., & Daud, W. (2016). Development of an advanced chemical oxidation wastewater treatment system for the batik industry in Malaysia. RSC Advances, 6(30), 25222–25241.
Fauzia, L. P., Savitri, I. W., Kurnia, S. A. N., Sumekar, T. A., & Hardian, H. (2018). The association between batik making process with electrocardiogram, pulmonary function, and musculoskeletal disorder in batik artisan. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 12(3), 1372–1377.
Hairuddin, H., Noor, N. L. M., & Ab Malik, A. M. (2012). Why do microenterprise refuse to use information technology: A case of batik microenterprises in Malaysia. In S. F. Chiu, M. L. Tseng, & K. J. Wu (Eds.), International conference on Asia Pacific business innovation and technology management (Vol. 57, pp. 494–502)., Procedia social and behavioral sciences Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Hosmer, D. W., Jr., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). Hoboken: Wiley.
Jain, S. N., & Gogate, P. R. (2019). Treatment of dye containing real industrial effluents using NaOH-activated Ficus racemosa and Prunus dulcis based novel adsorbents. International Journal of Environmental Research, 13(2), 337–347.
Khalik, W. F., Ho, L. N., Ong, S. A., Voon, C. H., Wong, Y. S., Yusuf, S. Y., et al. (2018). Enhancement of simultaneous batik wastewater treatment and electricity generation in photocatalytic fuel cell. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(35), 35164–35175.
Mokhtar, M. Z., & Wan-Ismail, W. N. S. (2012). Marketing strategies and the difference level of sales and profits performance of the batik SMEs in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(23), 96.
Mukimin, A., Vistanty, H., Zen, N., Purwanto, A., & Wicaksono, K. A. (2018). Performance of bioequalization-electrocatalytic integrated method for pollutants removal of hand-drawn batik wastewater. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 21, 77–83.
Nordin, R., & Bakar, S. S. A. (2012). Malaysian batik industry: Protecting local batik design by copyright and industrial design laws. International Journal of Business and Society, 13(2), 117.
Ottinger, G. (2010). Constructing empowerment through interpretations of environmental surveillance data. Surveillance & Society, 8(2), 221–234.
Rauf, M. A., & Ashraf, S. S. (2012). Survey of recent trends in biochemically assisted degradation of dyes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 209, 520–530.
Rudie, I. (2013). Ethnic experience and global horizons: Batik entrepreneurs on a tourist beach in Malaysia. In E. Braten (Ed.), Embedded entrepreneurship: Market, culture, and micro-business in insular Southeast Asia (Vol. 36, pp. 33–59)., Social sciences in Asia Pa Leiden: Brill.
Samin, M. A., Ramli, N. A., & Legino, R. (2017). Designing batik with an alternative batik techniques using wax application. Advanced Science Letters, 23(11), 10629–10631.
Saravanan, A., Kumar, P. S., Yaashikaa, P. R., Kanmani, S., Varthine, R. H., Muthu, C. M. M., et al. (2019). Modelling on the removal of dye from industrial wastewater using surface improved Enteromorpha intestinalis. International Journal of Environmental Research, 13(2), 349–366.
Shaari, N., & Abd Rahman, K. A. A. (2017). Sustaining batik craft design in Malaysia using indigenous creative knowledge. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 25(S), 81–87.
Sharfan, N., Shobri, A., Anindria, F. A., Mauricio, R., Tafsili, M. A. B., & Slamet, S. (2018). Treatment of batik industry waste with a combination of electrocoagulation and photocatalysis. International Journal of Technology, 9(5), 936–943.
Singh, R. L., Singh, P. K., & Singh, R. P. (2015). Enzymatic decolorization and degradation of azo dyes—A review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 104, 21–31.
Subki, N. S., & Rohasliney, H. (2011). A preliminary study on batik effluent in Kelantan State: A water quality perspective. In International conference on chemical, biological and environment sciences (ICCEBS’2011), Bangkok.
Swami, H. M., Thakur, J. S., Gupta, M., & Bhatia, S. P. (2004). Improving environmental conditions of a slum in Chandigarh by an awareness campaign. Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering, 46(3), 252–256.
Vaidyanathan, B., Khalsa, S., & Ecklund, E. H. (2018). Naturally ambivalent: Religion’s role in shaping environmental action. Sociology of Religion, 79(4), 472–494.
Wachinger, G., Renn, O., Begg, C., & Kuhlicke, C. (2013). The risk perception paradox—Implications for governance and communication of natural hazards. Risk Analysis, 33(6), 1049–1065.
Yaacob, M. R., Ismail, M., Zakaria, M. N., Zainol, F. A., & Zain, N. F. M. (2015). Environmental awareness of batik entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Malaysia–An early insight. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(4), 338–347.
Zhou, Y., & Shen, H. (2019). Supervision of environmental enforcement and corporate environmental performance: Evidence of quasi-natural experiment from talks on environmental protection. Nankai Business Review International, 10(1), 42–66.
Ziadat, A. H. (2010). Major factors contributing to environmental awareness among people in a third world country Jordan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(1), 135–145.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the study participants for their time and willingness to register their responses in this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant confidentiality issues, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Informed consent
Verbally obtained from the participants before indulge them with the questionnaire interview.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ramakreshnan, L., Rajandra, A., Aghamohammadi, N. et al. A preliminary insight into the environmental awareness of community in the vicinity of batik manufacturing units in Kelantan, Malaysia. GeoJournal 85, 1745–1753 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10046-w
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10046-w