Abstract
A 30-day experiment was carried out to know responses of different weaning approaches to the growth and survival of Anabas testudineus larvae. A total of 10800 larvae (Avg. weight 0.016 ± 0.03 mg; 3DPH) were randomly distributed in nine treatments (triplicates), including two controls. The strategies are as follows: C1 (Control I): feeding with live food (LF) for 30 days and C2 (Control II): feeding with microparticulate diet (MPD) for 30 days; T1: LF for 5 days and MPD for next 25 days; T2: LF for 10 days and MPD for next 20 days; T3: LF for 15 days and MPD for next 15 day; T4: LF for 20 days and MPD for next 10 days; T5: LF for 25 days and MPD for next 5 days; T6: LF for 5 days, then 25% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 50% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 75% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, and 100% LF replacement by MPD for last 10 days; and T7: LF for 10 days, then 25% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 50% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, 75% LF replacement by MPD for next 5 days, and 100% LF replacement by MPD for last 5 days. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher WG and SGR were recorded in T2 (213.17 ± 0.32, 23.98 ± 0.02) followed by T6, whereas the lowest was found in C2. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentage survival was manifested in the T7 (31.83 ± 0.22), followed by T2 (24.75 ± 0.13), and the lowest survival was observed in the C2. The digestive enzyme activities were found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) between different treatment groups. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were reported to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in C2 (68.52 ± 0.08, 19.55 ± 0.10, 21.79 ± 0.04, and 0.044 ± 0.01) followed by T1; however, their reduced level was observed in C1. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose, and cortisol levels was observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in C2 and lower in C1 and T2. As per the finding, it can be recommended that the appropriate weaning time for A. testudineus larvae is from 13 DPH onwards, in which larvae can be fed an initial ten days LF afterward MPD and the best weaning strategy can be adopted as in the T7 group for higher survival percentage.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The necessary data has been included in the article as a table and figures in the main article.
References
Abdel-Tawwab M, Khattab YA, Ahmad MH, Shalaby AM (2006) Compensatory growth, feed utilization, whole-body composition, and hematological changes in starved juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J Appl Aquac 18:17–36. https://doi.org/10.1300/j028v18n03_02
Abdel-Tawwab M, Wafeek M (2017) Fluctuations in water temperature affected waterborne cadmium toxicity: hematology, anaerobic glucose pathway, and oxidative stress status of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 477:106–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.05.007
Ahilan B, Thangarani AJ (2020) Food and feeding of larval stages and adults of important cultivable brackishwater and marine fishes, In: Fish nutrition and its relevance to human health. CRC Press, pp 79–142. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003107583-3
Alang AN, Hassan Z, Christianus A, Zulperi Z (2020) Effect of thyroxine hormone towards growth and survival of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) larvae. J Environ Biol 41:1230–1238. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/5(si)/ms_15
Ali M, Nicieza A, Wootton RJ (2003) Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression. Fish Fish 4:147–190. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00120.x
Andersen SM, Waagbø R, Espe M (2016) Functional amino acids in fish health and welfare. Front Biosci -Elite 8:143–169. https://doi.org/10.2741/757
Andrade CA, Nascimento F, Conceição LE, Linares F, Lacuisse M, Dinis MT (2012) Red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, larvae performance and nutritional condition in response to different weaning regimes. J World Aquac Soc 43:321–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00574.x
Anguas-Vélez BH, Civera-Cerecedo R, Contreras-Olguin M, Rueda-Jasso RA, Guillaume J (2000) Preliminary study on the timing of weaning of spotted sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, larvae with a prepared diet: effects on growth and survival. J Appl Aquac 10:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1300/j028v10n04_01
Anson ML (1938) The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and cathepsin with hemoglobin. J Gen Physiol 22:79. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.22.1.79
AOAC (1995) Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemistry. Arlington, VA, USA., AOAC. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(91)87088-o
Basak SK, Basak B, Gupta N, Haque MM, Amin R (2014) Embryonic and larval development of silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus) in a mobile hatchery under laboratory condition. Eur J Sci Res 3:258–270. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-07418190
Bell JG, McEvoy LA, Estevez A, Shields RJ, Sargent JR (2003) Optimising lipid nutrition in first-feeding flatfish larvae. Aquaculture 227:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00504-0
Berge GM, Storebakken T (1996) Fish protein hydrolyzate in starter diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry. Aquaculture 145:205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(96)01355-5
Bhuyan S, Hussain SM (2018) Breeding and seed rearing of Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) using farmer friendly innovative technology at farmer’s field: a case study. IJBS 5:101–105. https://doi.org/10.30954/2347%E2%80%939655.02.2018.3
Biswas P, Jena AK, Singh SK (2022) Conservation aquaculture of Ompok bimaculatus (Butter catfish), a near threatened catfish in India. Aquac Fish 8:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2022.04.007
Bonaldo A, Parma L, Badiani A, Serratore P, Gatta PP (2011) Very early weaning of common sole (Solea solea L.) larvae by means of different feeding regimes and three commercial microdiets: influence on performances, metamorphosis development and tank hygiene. Aquaculture 321:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.007
Brown JA, Wiseman D, Kean P (1997) The use of behavioural observations in the larviculture of cold-water marine fish. Aquaculture 155:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00130-0
Cahu C, Infante JZ (2001) Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 200:161–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00699-8
Cahu C, Infante JZ, Escaffre A-M, Bergot P, Kaushik S (1998) Preliminary results on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae rearing with compound diet from first feeding. Comparison with carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. Aquaculture 169:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00316-0
Cahu CL, Infante JZ, Quazuguel P, Le Gall MM (1999) Protein hydrolysate vs. fish meal in compound diets for 10-day old sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larvae. Aquaculture 171:109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00428-1
Callan C, Jordaan A, Kling LJ (2003) Reducing Artemia use in the culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture 219:585–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00011-5
Carvalho AP, Escaffre A-M, Oliva Teles A, Bergot P (1997) First feeding of common carp larvae on diets with high levels of protein hydrolysates. Aquac Int 5:361–367. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018368208323
Chandan NK, Sahu NP, Krishna G, Kumar R, Nandi S, Kumari R, Udit UK, Siddaiah GM, Mohapatra BC and Mohanta KN (2023) Fatty acid utilization and digestive enzyme activity during early larval development of Anabas testudineus. Biol Forum – Int J 15:425–431
Chatterjee N, Pal AK, Das T, Mohammed MS, Sarma K, Venkateshwarlu G, Mukherjee SC (2006) Secondary stress responses in Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fry to increasing packing densities. Aquac Res 37:472–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01469.x
Chen JY, Zeng C, Jerry DR, Cobcroft JM (2020) Recent advances of marine ornamental fish larviculture: broodstock reproduction, live prey and feeding regimes, and comparison between demersal and pelagic spawners. Rev Aquac 12:1518–1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12394
Cherry IS, Crandall Jr LA (1932) The specificity of pancreatic lipase: its appearance in the blood after pancreatic injury. Am J Physiol -Leg Content 100:266–273. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1932.100.2.266
Chèvre P, Saint-Sevin J, Mercier D, Jacobs L, Williot P (2011) Recent progress in larval rearing of the European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio. Biol Conserv Eur Sturgeon Acipenser SturioL 1758:49–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5_33
Chotikachinda R, Tantikitti C, Benjakul S, Rustad T, Kumarnsit E (2013) Production of protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera as feeding attractants for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquac Nutr 19:773–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12024
Civera-Cerecedo R, Alvarez-González CA, García-Gómez RE, Carrasco-Chávez V, Ortiz-Galindo JL, Rosales-Velázquez MO, Grayeb-Del Álamo T, Moyano-López FJ (2008) Effect of microparticulate diets on growth and survival of spotted sand bass larvae, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, at two early weaning times. J World Aquac Soc 39:22–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2007.00132.x
Comabella Y, Mendoza R, Aguilera C, Carrillo O, Hurtado A, García-Galano T (2006) Digestive enzyme activity during early larval development of the Cuban gar Atractosteus tristoechus. Fish Physiol Biochem 32:147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-006-0007-4
Conceição LE, Yúfera M, Makridis P, Morais S, Dinis MT (2010) Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing. Aquac Res 41:613–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02242.x./
Curnow J, King J, Bosmans J, Kolkovski S (2006) The effect of reduced Artemia and rotifer use facilitated by a new microdiet in the rearing of barramundi Lates calcarifer (BLOCH) larvae. Aquaculture 257:204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.073
Dabrowski K, Lee K-J, Rinchard J (2003) The smallest vertebrate, teleost fish, can utilize synthetic dipeptide-based diets. J Nutr 133:4225–4229. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.12.4225
Darias MJ, Murray HM, Gallant JW, Douglas SE, Yúfera M, Martínez-Rodríguez G (2007) Ontogeny of pepsinogen and gastric proton pump expression in red porgy (Pagrus pagrus): determination of stomach functionality. Aquaculture 270:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.045
Darias MJ, Murray HM, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Cárdenas S, Yúfera M (2005) Gene expression of pepsinogen during the larval development of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Aquaculture 248:245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.044
Djellata A, Sarih S, Hernández-Cruz CM, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Gilannejad N, Roo J (2021) The effect of different co-feeding protocols on greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810) larvae. Aquac Nutr 27:1761–1776. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13313
Drapeau G (1974) Protease from Staphylococcus aureus, In: Method of enzymology 45b. L. Acad Press NY. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(76)45041-3
Engrola S, Conceição LE, Dias L, Pereira R, Ribeiro L, Dinis MT (2007) Improving weaning strategies for Senegalese sole: effects of body weight and digestive capacity. Aquac Res 38:696–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01701.x
Fiúza LS, Aragão NM, Ribeiro Junior HP, de Moraes MG, Rocha ÍRCB, Lustosa Neto AD, de Sousa RR, Madrid RMM, de Oliveira EG, Costa FHF (2015) Effects of salinity on the growth, survival, haematological parameters and osmoregulation of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum juveniles. Aquac Res 46:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12224
Giri SS, Sahoo SK, Sahu BB, Sahu AK, Mohanty SN, Mukhopadhyay PK, Ayyappan S (2002) Larval survival and growth in Wallago attu (Bloch and Schneider): effects of light, photoperiod and feeding regimes. Aquaculture 213:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00012-1
Gisbert E, Giménez G, Fernández I, Kotzamanis Y, Estévez A (2009) Development of digestive enzymes in common dentex Dentex dentex during early ontogeny. Aquaculture 287:381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.039
Govoni JJ, Boehlert GW, Watanabe Y (1986) The physiology of digestion in fish larvae. Environ Biol Fishes 16:59–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00005160
Grayson JD, Dabrowski K (2022) Utilization of live-food enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for the intensive culture of Yellow perch Larvae. North Am J Aquac 84:131–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10227
Grendell JH, Rothman SS (1981) Digestive end products mobilize secretory proteins from subcellular stores in the pancreas. Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol 241:G67–G73. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1981.241.1.g67
Hamre K, Yúfera M, Rønnestad I, Boglione C, Conceição LE, Izquierdo M (2013) Fish larval nutrition and feed formulation: knowledge gaps and bottlenecks for advances in larval rearing. Rev Aquac 5:S26–S58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01086.x
Haridas H, Verma AK, Rathore G, Prakash C, Sawant PB, Babitha Rani AM (2017) Enhanced growth and immuno-physiological response of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia in indoor biofloc units at different stocking densities. Aquac Res 48:4346–4355. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13256
Hauville MR, Zambonino-Infante JL, Bell G, Migaud H, Main KL (2014) Impacts of three different microdiets on Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, weaning success, growth, fatty acid incorporation and enzyme activity. Aquaculture 422:268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.006
Herath SS, Atapaththu KSS (2013) Sudden weaning of angel fish pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein) (Pisces; Cichlidae) larvae from brine shrimp (Artemia sp) nauplii to formulated larval feed. SpringerPlus 2:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-102
Holt GJ (2011) Larval fish nutrition. John Wiley & Sons.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470959862
Hoseinifar SH, Yousefi S, Van Doan H, Ashouri G, Gioacchini G, Maradonna F, Carnevali O (2020) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: the implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 29:198–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1795616
Hung T-C, Ellison L, Stevenson T, Sandford M, Schultz AA, Eads AR (2022) Early weaning in endangered delta smelt: effect of weaning time on growth and survival. North Am J Aquac 84:249–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10230
Infante JL, Cahu C (1994a) Development and response to a diet change of some digestive enzymes in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Fish Physiol Biochem 12:399–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00004304
Infante JZ, Cahu CL (1994b) Influence of diet on pepsin and some pancreatic enzymes in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 109:209–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90122-8
Iwama GK, Vijayan MM, Forsyth RB, Ackerman PA (1999) Heat shock proteins and physiological stress in fish. Am Zool 39:901–909. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/39.6.901
Jafari M, Kamarudin MH, Saad CR, Arshad A, Oryan S, Guilani MHT (2011) Effect of different diets on growth, survival and body composition of Rutilus frisii kutum larvae. J Fish Aquat Sci 6:662–668. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.662.668
Jamali H, Ahmadifard N, Noori F, Agh N, Gisbert E (2018) Improving co-feeding strategies for Neotropical green terror cichlid (Aequidens rivulatus) larvae with lecithin-enriched Artemia franciscana nauplii: effects on survival, growth performance and body composition. Aquac Res 49:3909–3918. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13861
Jayasankar P (2018) Present status of freshwater aquaculture in India-a review. Indian J Fish 65:157–165. https://doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2018.65.4.81300-20
Kamarudin MS, Otoi S, Saad CR (2011) Changes in growth, survival and digestive enzyme activities of Asian redtail catfish, Mystus nemurus, larvae fed on different diets. Afr J Biotechnol 10:4484–4493. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.1895
Kandathil Radhakrishnan D, AkbarAli I, Schmidt BV, John EM, Sivanpillai S, Thazhakot Vasunambesan S (2020) Improvement of nutritional quality of live feed for aquaculture: an overview. Aquac Res 51:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14357
Karmakar A, Das AK, Ghosh N, Sil PC (2022) Superoxide dismutase. In Antioxidants effects in health. Elsevier 1:139–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819096-8.00027-6
Kehrer JP, Robertson JD, Smith CV (2010) Free radicals and reactive oxygen species.https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00114-7
Khoa TND, Waqalevu V, Honda A, Shiozaki K, Kotani T (2020) Comparative study on early digestive enzyme activity and expression in red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed on live feed and micro-diet. Aquaculture 519:734721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734721
Kohinoor AHM, Islam MS, Jahan DA, Khan MM, Hussain MG (2012) Growth and production performances of crossbred climbing perch koi, Anabas testudineus in Bangladesh. Int J Agric Res Innov Technol 2:19–25. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.13990
Kolkovski S (2001) Digestive enzymes in fish larvae and juveniles implications and applications to formulated diets. Aquaculture 200:181–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00700-1
Kolkovski S (2008) Advances in marine fish larvae diets. In: Cruz-Suárez E, Ricque D, Tapia M, Nieto MG, Villarreal LDA, Lazo JP, Viana MT (eds) Avances en Nutrición Acuícola IX. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, Nuevo León, pp 20–45
Kolkovski S, Koven W, Tandler A (1997) The mode of action of Artemia in enhancing utilization of microdiet by gilthead seabream Sparus aurata larvae. Aquaculture 155:193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00117-8
Kotzamanis YP, Gisbert E, Gatesoupe FJ, Infante JZ, Cahu C (2007) Effects of different dietary levels of fish protein hydrolysates on growth, digestive enzymes, gut microbiota, and resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 147:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.12.037
Kumar P, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Jha AK, Priya P (2015) Biochemical and physiological stress responses to heat shock and their recovery in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 85:485–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0357-0
Kumar S, Jahageerdar S, Shamna N, Chanu TI (2022) Fish protein hydrolysate in larval diet can augment the survival rate, growth performance, and enzyme activities of Indian walking catfish, Clarias magur larvae. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 22:525–542. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-181x.2022.00042.7
Kumar S, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Subramanian S, Priyadarshi H, Kumar V (2011) High dietary protein combats the stress of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to heat shock. Fish Physiol Biochem 37:1005–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9504-1
Lazo JP, Dinis MT, Holt GJ, Faulk C, Arnold CR (2000) Co-feeding microparticulate diets with algae: toward eliminating the need of zooplankton at first feeding in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 188:339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00339-2
Lazo JP, Mendoza R, Holt GJ, Aguilera C, Arnold CR (2007) Characterization of digestive enzymes during larval development of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 265:194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.043
Le Thanh H, Tam BM, Cacot P, Lazard J (1999) Larval rearing of the Mekong catfish, Pangasius bocourti (Pangasiidae, Siluroidei): substitution of Artemia nauplii with live and artificial feed. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0990-7440(00)88473-9
Lim LC, Dhert P, Chew WY, Dermaux V, Nelis H, Sorgeloos P (2002) Enhancement of stress resistance of the guppy Poecilia reticulata through feeding with vitamin C supplement. J World Aquac Soc 33:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00475.x
Liu B, Zhu X, Lei W, Yang Y, Han D, Jin J, Xie S (2012) Effects of different weaning strategies on survival and growth in Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther) larvae. Aquaculture 364:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.051
Ljubobratović U, Kucska B, Feledi T, Poleksić V, Marković Z, Lenhardt M, Peteri A, Kumar S, Rónyai A (2015) Effect of weaning strategies on growth and survival of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, larvae. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 15:327–333. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_2_15
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) of these enzymes than MQ. Biol Chem 193:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6
Luz RK, Martínez-Álvarez RM, De Pedro N, Delgado MJ (2008) Growth, food intake regulation and metabolic adaptations in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to different salinities. Aquaculture 276:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.042
Ma Z, Zheng P, Guo H, Zhang N, Wang L, Jiang S, Qin JG, Zhang D (2015) Effect of weaning time on the performance of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae. Aquac Nutr 21:670–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12183
Ma Z, Qin J, Nie Z (2012) Morphological changes of marine fish larvae and their nutrition need. Nov Sci Pub 1–20
Mejri SC, Tremblay R, Audet C, Wills PS, Riche M (2021) Essential fatty acid requirements in tropical and cold-water marine fish larvae and juveniles. Front Mar Sci 8:680003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.680003
Mir IN, Srivastava PP, Bhat IA, Muralidhar AP, Varghese T, Gireesh-Babu P, Jain KK (2018) Expression and activity of trypsin and pepsin during larval development of Indian walking catfish (Clarias magur). Aquaculture 491:266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.049
Misra HP, Fridovich I (1972) The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 247:3170–3175. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45228-9
Mondal S, Roy T, Sen SK, Ray AK (2008) Distribution of enzyme-producing bacteria in the digestive tracts of some freshwater fish. Acta Ichthyol Piscat 38:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3750/aip2008.38.1.01
Morales AE, Pérez-Jiménez A, Hidalgo MC, Abellán E, Cardenete G (2004) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses after prolonged starvation in Dentex dentex liver. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Toxicol Pharmacol 139:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.10.008
Morioka S, Ito S, Kitamura S, Vongvichith B (2009) Growth and morphological development of laboratory-reared larval and juvenile climbing perch Anabas testudineus. Ichthyol Res 56:162–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-008-0081-y
Moyano FJ, Diaz M, Alarcón FJ, Sarasquete MC (1996) Characterization of digestive enzyme activity during larval development of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish Physiol Biochem 15:121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01875591
Mozanzadeh MT, Bahabadi MN, Morshedi V, Azodi M, Agh N, Gisbert E (2021) Weaning strategies affect larval performance in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). Aquaculture 539:1–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736673
Ochoa S (1955) malic dehydrogenase from pig heart: l-malate+ DPN+⇆ Oxalacetate+ DPNH+ H+. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(55)01128-2
Pan C-H, Chien Y-H, Hunter B (2003) The resistance to ammonia stress of Penaeus monodon Fabricius juvenile fed diets supplemented with astaxanthin. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 297:107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.07.002
Panepucci L, Fernandes MN, Sanches JR, Rantin FT (2000) Changes in lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities during hypoxia and after temperature acclimation in the armored fish, Rhinelepis strigosa (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Rev Bras Biol 60:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000200021
Pérez-Jiménez A, Guedes MJ, Morales AE, Oliva-Teles A (2007) Metabolic responses to short starvation and refeeding in Dicentrarchus labrax. Effect of dietary composition. Aquaculture 265:325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.021
Pittman K, Yúfera M, Pavlidis M, Geffen AJ, Koven W, Ribeiro L, Zambonino-Infante JL, Tandler A (2013) Fantastically plastic: fish larvae equipped for a new world. Rev Aquac 5:S224–S267. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12034
Pradhan PK, Jena J, Mitra G, Sood N, Gisbert E (2014) Effects of different weaning strategies on survival, growth and digestive system development in butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) larvae. Aquaculture 424:120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.041
Rao TR (2003) Ecological and ethological perspectives in larval fish feeding. J Appl Aquac 13:145–178. https://doi.org/10.1300/j028v13n01_06
Ribeiro L, Couto A, Olmedo M, Álvarez-Blázquez B, Linares F, Valente LM (2008) Digestive enzyme activity at different developmental stages of blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo (Brunnich 1768). Aquac Res 39:339–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01684.x
Ribeiro L, Zambonino-Infante JL, Cahu C, Dinis MT (1999) Development of digestive enzymes in larvae of Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858. Aquaculture 179:465–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00180-5
Rick W, Stegbauer HP (1974) α-Amylase measurement of reducing groups, in: Methods of enzymatic analysis. Elsevier, pp 885–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-091302-2.50074-8
Rønnestad I, Yúfera M, Ueberschär B, Ribeiro L, Sæle Ø, Boglione C (2013) Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research. Rev Aquac 5:S59–S98. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12010
Salhi M, Bessonart M (2012) Growth, survival and fatty acid composition of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) larvae fed on artificial diet alone or in combination with A rtemia nauplii. Aquac Res 44:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03004.x
Sarma K, Pal AK, Ayyappan S, Das T, Manush SM, Debnath D, Baruah K (2010) Acclimation of Anabas testudineus (Bloch) to three test temperatures influences thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption. Fish Physiol Biochem 36:85–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-008-9293-3
Segner H, Witt U (1990) Weaning experiments with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): electron microscopic study of liver. Mar Biol 105:353–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01316306
Siddaiah GM, Kumar R, Kumari R, Damle DK, Rasal KD, Manohar V, Sundaray JK, Pillai BR (2022) Dietary supplementation of fish protein hydrolysate improves growth, feed efficiency and immune response in freshwater carnivore fish, Channa striata fingerlings. Aquacult Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15848
Singh K, Munilkumar S, Sahu NP, Das A, Devi GA (2019) Feeding HUFA and vitamin C-enriched Moina micrura enhances growth and survival of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) larvae. Aquaculture 500:378–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.049
Singh PK, Munilkumar S, Sundaray JK, Santhanam P, Sharma A, Haque R, Satheesh M (2023) Effect of selenium, vitamin C and highly unsaturated fatty acids-enriched Brachionus calyciflorus on growth, survival, physio-metabolic and anti-oxidative responses in Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) larvae. Aquaculture 568:739293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739293
Singha K, Munilkumara S, Sahub NP, Dasc A (2015) Food type preference and size in relation to mouth gape of larval stages of climbing perch Anabas testudineus. Ecol Env Conserv 21:2039–2045
Srichanun M, Tantikitti C, Kortner TM, Krogdahl Å, Chotikachinda R (2014) Effects of different protein hydrolysate products and levels on growth, survival rate and digestive capacity in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) larvae. Aquaculture 428:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.004
Stadler M, Nuyens V, Seidel L, Albert A, Boogaerts JG (2005) Effect of nutritional status on oxidative stress in an ex vivo perfused rat liver. J Am Soc Anesthesiol 103:978–986. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200511000-00012
Takahara S, Hamilton HB, Neel JV, Kobara TY, Ogura Y, Nishimura ET (1960) Hypocatalasemia: a new genetic carrier state. J Clin Invest 39:610–619. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci104075
Tan HH, Lim KK (2004) Inland fishes from the Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea, with description of a new species of Betta (Teleostei: Osphronemidae). Raffles Bull Zool 11:107–115
Thompson EF (2013) Towards the development of a larval feeding strategy for the white-margined sole (Dagetichthys Marginatus). Dissertation, Rhodes University
Thompson KL, Faulk CK, Fuiman LA (2019) Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.). Aquac Res 50:1404–1410. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14015
Tseng HC, Grendell JH, Rothman SS (1982) Food, duodenal extracts, and enzyme secretion by the pancreas. Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol 243:G304–G312. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1982.243.4.g304
Valente LM, Moutou KA, Conceicao LE, Engrola S, Fernandes JM, Johnston IA (2013) What determines growth potential and juvenile quality of farmed fish species? Rev Aquac 5:S168–S193. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12020
Van Trieu N, Long DN (2001) Seed production technology of Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus): a study on the larval rearing. https://doi.org/10.1079/ac.64965.20203483891
Verreth J, Van Tongeren M (1989) Weaning time in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) larvae. Aquaculture 83:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(89)90062-8
Verreth JA, Torreele E, Spazier E, Van der Sluiszen A, Rombout JH, Booms R, Segner H (1992) The development of a functional digestive system in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). J World Aquac Soc 23:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.tb00792.x
Walford J, Lam TJ (1993) Development of digestive tract and proteolytic enzyme activity in seabass (Lates calcarifer) larvae and juveniles. Aquaculture 109:187–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90215-k
Washington IM and Van Hoosier G (2012) Clinical biochemistry and hematology. In The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents (pp 57–116). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-380920-9.00003-1
Wedemeyer GA (1981) Methods for determining the tolerance of fishes to environmental stressors. J Str Fis 1:247–276
Wei LS, Wee W, Abdullah Z (2021) Climbing perch farming, Anabas testudineus (BLOCH, 1792) and its health management in malaysia. UMK Press, Malaysia
Williot P, Rouault T, Brun R, Pelard M, Mercier D (2011) Preliminary results on larval rearing the European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, in: Biology and conservation of the European sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758. Springer, pp 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5_28
Wootton IDP (1964) Micro-analysis in medical biochemistry. Britain, United Kingdom
Wróblewski F, Ladue JS (1955) Lactic dehydrogenase activity in blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 90:210–213. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-90-21985
Yu X, Wu Y, Deng M, Liu Y, Wang S, He X, Allaire-Leung M, Wan J, Zou Y, Yang C (2019) Tetracycline antibiotics as PI3K inhibitors in the Nrf2-mediated regulation of antioxidative stress in zebrafish larvae. Chemosphere 226:696–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.001
Yufera M, Moyano FJ, Astola A, Pousao-Ferreira P, Martinez-Rodriguez G (2012) Acidic digestion in a teleost: postprandial and circadian pattern of gastric pH, pepsin activity, and pepsinogen and proton pump mRNAs expression. PLoS ONE 7:33687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033687
Zalina I, Saad CR, Rahim AA, Christianus A, Harmin SA (2011) Breeding performance and the effect of stocking density on the growth and survival of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. J Fish Aquat Sci 6:834. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.834.839
Zambonino Infante JL, Cahu CL, Peres A (1997) Partial substitution of di-and tripeptides for native proteins in sea bass diet improves Dicentrarchus labrax larval development. J Nutr 127:608–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.4.608
Acknowledgements
All authors are thankful to the Vice-Chancellor, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for supplying the required infrastructure to carry out the present research. The first author duly acknowledges ICAR-CIFE for the fellowship during the research period.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Patekar Prakash: Data curation, Investigation, Software, Writing -original draft. Sikendra Kumar: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. Parimal Sardar: Supervision, Writing – review and editing. Sukham Munilkumar: Practical supervision, Writing – review and editing. Sujata Sahoo: Chemical analysis, Data curation. M. Satheesh: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis. Halpati Reena: Editing, Formal analysis. Vijayakumar Mannur: Formal analysis, Software implementation. Anusha Patel: Data curation and editing of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations made by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) of government of India. These recommendations ensure the welfare and maintenance of fish used in laboratory studies for biomedical research and product testing.
Consent for publication
I, Dr. Sikendra Kumar, give my consent for information about a research paper to be published in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry journal.
Competing interests
The authors affirm that they have no known financial or interpersonal conflicts that would have seemed to have an impact on the research presented in this study.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Prakash , P., Kumar, S., Sardar, P. et al. Optimization of weaning strategy in the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch 1792) larvae on growth, survival, digestive, metabolic and stress responses. Fish Physiol Biochem 49, 1151–1169 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01248-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01248-8