Abstract
Ibuprofen as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug can be detected in the aquatic environments all over the world. This study evaluated the effects of ibuprofen on the immune parameters of juvenile grass carp at the concentration in real environments which were determined by detecting its concentrations in the surface water of local rivers. The concentration of ibuprofen ranged from 13.2 to 95.5 ng/L with a mean value of 47.9 ng/L in the surface water of local rivers detected by solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Accordingly, juvenile grass carp were exposed to 4.8, 48.0 and 480.0 ng/L of ibuprofen for 14 days. The serum lysozyme activity of these fish decreased, while the serum creatinine levels were not affected after the exposure. Moreover, the mRNA expression of interleukin 6 in the skin and interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the gills was enhanced by this exposure. These results collectively suggest that ibuprofen at environmentally relevant concentration can affect the immune parameters of juvenile grass carp, providing an insight into the possibility of this contaminant to modify the immunostatus of fish.
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This work was funded by the grants from the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2019JDRC0007).
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N.Z.: investigation, methodology, visualization, X.L.: investigation, formal analysis, L.P.: investigation, X.Z.: investigation, L.Z.: investigation, X.M.: investigation, H.Z.: writing—review & editing, J.L.: methodology, investigation, X.W.: project administration, writing—original draft, writing—reviewing and editing.
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The animal experiments performed were allowed by the ethics committee of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, under permit number 1061420210305007.
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Supplementary Information
Supplementary table 1A
HPLC parameters for quantification of ibuprofen (PNG 183 kb)
Supplementary table 1B
MS parameters for quantification of ibuprofen (PNG 45 kb)
Supplementary table 2
Primer used in the present study (PNG 154 kb)
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Zhang, N., Liu, X., Pan, L. et al. Evaluation of ibuprofen contamination in local urban rivers and its effects on immune parameters of juvenile grass carp. Fish Physiol Biochem 47, 1405–1413 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-021-00987-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-021-00987-w