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Wind and Fire Coupled Modelling—Part I: Literature Review

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Abstract

Wind and fire phenomena can together be a devastating force, whether in the case of a building fire, release of smoke in an urban area or forest fire near an urban habitat. Most of the fire phenomena are influenced by the wind, usually for the worse. If we want to understand fires, we have to understand wind as well, and model it appropriately. This modelling is described by the discipline of Computational Wind Engineering, from which we are able to transfer invaluable knowledge to coupled wind-fire analyses. This two-part review is dedicated to such a transfer. In Part I, the authors describe the historical and most current instances of wind and fire coupled modelling, referred to as simple models, in situ measurements, wind tunnel experiments or numerical studies with CFD. The review is subdivided into six categories, namely flame behaviour in wind conditions, indoor flows, natural smoke ventilators, tunnel ventilation, wildfires and firebrand transport, and urban dispersion of smoke. Besides flame behaviour, all remaining topics are covered, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, with multiple references to valuable experimental and numerical studies. In Part II of the review, the authors describe the best practices of Computational Wind Engineering, that may be transferred to fire-oriented numerical studies. This part provides good practice guidelines, reference studies and a proposal for the optimisation of the simulation procedure for coupled wind and fire models.

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Abbreviations

ABL:

Atmospheric boundary layer

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CWE:

Computational wind engineering

FDS:

Fire dynamics simulator

FSE:

Fire safety engineering

LES:

Large eddy simulation

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NSHEV:

Natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilation

RANS:

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes

WUI:

Wildland urban interface

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Michael J. Gollner and Ali Tohidi (University of Maryland) for their support in the preparation of the wildfire section of the paper, as well as to anonymous reviewers who provided very valuable insight for the paper.

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  1. Fire Research Department, Building Research Institute (ITB), 1 Filtrowa St., 00-611, Warsaw, Poland

    Wojciech Węgrzyński

  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka St., 20-618, Lublin, Poland

    Tomasz Lipecki

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Węgrzyński, W., Lipecki, T. Wind and Fire Coupled Modelling—Part I: Literature Review. Fire Technol 54, 1405–1442 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0748-5

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