Skip to main content
Log in

Job satisfaction of farm advisors working through an immature farm advisory system

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to examine the job satisfaction of farm advisors employed in an immature farm advisory system that was implemented within the pluralistic extension system after 2006 in Turkey. The participants of the study are farm advisors who employed by non-governmental organizations in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The main material of this study is information provided by administering a questionnaire to a full-count sample of 150 farm advisors. A job satisfaction index is developed to measure job satisfaction, and later a binary logistic regression model is employed to determine factors affecting the job satisfaction. A four-factor job satisfaction index, including a total of 49 items, is developed. The factors are named as personal satisfaction, the physical environment and possibilities provided by the organization, interpersonal relationships, and satisfaction with the management. The job satisfaction index is dichotomized and used as the dependent variable of the binary logistic regression model. Results show that job satisfaction is affected by explanatory variables like gender, marital status, education level, type of employer, the reason for becoming a farm advisor, and the total area served. As a practical implications, the job satisfaction index developed for the farm advisors is ranked from 49 to 245 with a mean value of 185, indicating an overall satisfaction of 75%. Implementing adequate policies can increase job satisfaction and therefore the quality of extension services delivered within the current farm advisory system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Source Tunçay, (2021)

Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aguilar, F. X., & Vlosky, R. P. (2010). Gender differences in determinants of job satisfaction among cooperative extension workers in the United States. Applied Economics Letters, 17(2), 175–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, H., Ahmad, K., & Shah, I. A. (2010). Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance attitude towards work and organizational commitment. European Journal of Social Sciences, 18(2), 257–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbaş, S. (2009). “İşyerinde psikolojik şiddet (mobbing) ve iş tatmini ilişkisi–sağlık çalışanları üzerine bir uygulama”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.

  • Aydın, L. (2022). Genç işsiz ziraat mühendisi sayısı 30 bini aşmış durumda. Sabah Gazetesi https://www.gaziantepsabah.com/haber/genc-issiz-ziraat-muhendisi-sayisi-30-bini-asmis-durumda-93503.html.

  • Aydogdu, S., & Asikgil, B. (2011). An empirical study of the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention. International Review of Management and Marketing, 1(3), 43–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziri B. 2011. “Job satisfaction: a literature review”. Management Research and Practice 3(4): 77–86. http://mrp.ase.ro/no34/f7.pdf

  • Boyaci, M. Yıldız, Ö. (2011). Türkiye’de tarım danışmanlığı modelinin işleyişi üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Yayım serisi no:8, Bornova-İzmir.

  • Boyaci, M., & Yıldız, Ö. (2015). Türkiye’de farklı kuruluşlardaki yayım elemanlarının iş memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörler. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(2), 123–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brigantti, G. J. R. (2004). An evaluation of job satisfaction of public schools physical educators in Puerto Rico. United States Sports Academy, Doctor of Sport Management, Daphne, Alabama.

  • Cano, J., & Miller, G. (1992). A gender analysis of job satisfaction, job satisfier factors, and job dissatisfier factors of agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 33(3), 40–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cengiz, N. (2018). Tarımsal yayım ve danışmanlık hizmetlerinin etkilliği üzerine bir araştırma: Antalya ili örneği. Doktora Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı, 178, Tekirdağ.

  • Ceylan, İ.C., Köksal, Ö. ve Akın, A. (2005). Gap Bölgesi’nde tarımsal üretim sürecinde üreticilerin bilgi ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasında tarım danışmanlarının rolü. IV. GAP Kongresi, Şanlıurfa, 490–497.

  • Derman, A. (2010). Agricultural extension project personnel views about agricultural extension and advisory system in Mardin. Master Thesis. Çukurova University Institute of Natural And Applied Sciences Department of Agricultural Economics, 78, Adana

  • Eksilmez, E. (2016). Tarımsal yayım ve danışmanlık hizmetleri kapsamında tarım danışmanlarının sosyo-ekonomik durumu ve etkinliği: TR90 bölgesi örneği. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı, 91, Erzurum.

  • Erdoğan, R., & ve Okudum, R. (2015). Türkiye’de işgücünün bölgesel analizi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 20(33), 49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganzach, Y. (2003). Intelligence, education and facets of job satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 30(1), 97–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888402239328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.

  • İpekçi, S. (2019). Örtük liderliğin iş memnuniyetine etkisi ve lider-üye etkileşiminin aracı rolü. Doktora tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı. Gaziantep.

  • Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaynakçı, C., & Boz, İ. (2020). Evaluation of Farm Advisory Model in Turkey according to Work and Occupational Ethics. Turkish Journal of Bioethics. 3(7), 99–113.

  • Keffer, W. M. (1976). Job satisfaction of field staff of the Virginia polytechnic institute and state university extension division. Dissertation. The Ohio State University.

  • Kızılaslan, H., & Çakmak, E. (2012). Tarımsal yayımı geliştirme projesi kapsamında tarım danışmanlığı sisteminin değerlendirilmesi: Tokat İli Örneği. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kizilaslan, N., & Erdemir, S. (2013). Tarım danışmanlarının tarımsal yayım ve danışmanlık sistemindeki rolleri ve sisteme bakış açıları (Tokat ili merkez ilçe araştırması). Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 6, 67–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Listiana, I., Efendi, I., & Rahmat, A. (2019). The behavior of extension agents in utilizing information and technology to improve the performance of extension agents in Lampung Province. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1155(1), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Listiana, I., Sumardjo, S., Dwi, S., & Prabowo, T. (2018). Affecting factors the capacity of freelance extension agents and its impacts on farmers. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 9(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 4, 309–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddala, G. S. (1986). Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics, (No. 3). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  • Martin, M. J., & Kaufman, E. K. (2013). Do job satisfaction and commitment to the organization matter when it comes to retaining employees? Journal of Extension, 51(4), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299–326, ISSN 1053–4822, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X

  • Moore, L. L., & Rudd, R. D. (2006). Leadership styles of current extension leaders. Journal of Agricultural Education, 47(1), 6–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudaly, P., & Nkosi, Z. Z. (2015). Factors influencing nurse absenteeism in a general hospital in Durban, South Africa. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(5), 623–631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mumford, E. 1981. Values, technology and work. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 327, Hague, Boston, London. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=MuPqCAAAQBAJ&printsec=%20frontcover&hl=tr#v=onepage&q&f=false.

  • Murat, G., & ve Çevik, E. İ. (2008). İç paydaş olarak akademik personel memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörlerin analizi: Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi örneği. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • OG, (1957). Official Gazette. Ziraat odaları ve ziraat odaları birliği kanunu. 15 Mayıs 1957, kanun no:6964, Resmi gazete sayısı: 9614, Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2020. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.6964.pdf

  • OG (Official Gazette). (2006). Regulation of agricultural extension and consultancy services. Date; September 8, 2006; Number: 26283. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/09/20060908-3.htm

  • OG,. (2009). Official Gazette. Tarımsal yayım ve danışmanlık hizmetlerine destekleme ödemesi yapılmasına dair tebliğ. 21 Mayıs 2009, sayı: 27234. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2009/05/20090521-4.htm

  • Oğuz, C. (2010). Tarımsal yayımda danışmanlık kavramı ve Türkiye’de uygulama biçimi. Türkiye IX. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, Şanlıurfa, Sayfalar, 773–779.

  • Okwoche, V. A. O., Eziehe, J. C., & Agabi, V. (2015). Determinants of job satisfaction among extension agents in Benue State agricultural and rural development authority (BNARDA), Benue State, Nigeria. European Journal of Physical and Agricultural Sciences, 3(2), 38–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ökten, Ş. 2009. Gender And Power: The System of Gender in Southeastern Anatolia. The Journal of International Social Research. 2(8), 302–312. https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt2/sayi8pdf/okten_sevket.pdf

  • Olatunji, S. O., Onumadu, F. N., & Ifeanyi-Obi, C. C. (2015). Job performance and job satisfaction of agricultural extension agents İn River sstate agricultural development project (Adp). Age (yrs), 21(30), 50–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshagbemi, T. (1998). The impact of age on the job satisfaction of university teachers. Research in Education, 59(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/003452379805900110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özçatalbaş, O., Boz, İ., Bostan Budak, D., Karaturhan, B. ve Demiryürek, K. (2010a). Türkiye ve GAP bölgesinde tarım danışmanlığı sisteminin sorunları ve geleceği. IX. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi. 22–24 Eylül, 588–596.

  • Özçatalbaş, O., Bostan Budak, D., Boz, İ. ve Karaturhan, B. (2010b). “Türkiye’de tarım danışmanlığı sisteminin geliştirilmesine yönelik önlemler”. Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 11–15 Ocak, Ankara, 1–15.

  • Özer, M. (2005). Şanlıurfa Agro-Gap Önder Çiftçi Danışmanlık Derneği‟nin Tarımsal Yayım Çalışmaları ve Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Harran Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı, 124, Şanlıurfa.

  • Rast, S., & Tourani, A. (2012). Evaluation of employees’ job satisfaction and role of gender difference: An empirical study at airline industry in Iran. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7), 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M., Swortzel, K. A., & Taylor, W. N. (2005a). The relationships between selected demographic factors and the level of job satisfaction of extension agents. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 55(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2005.03002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M., Swortzel, K. A., & Taylor, W. N. (2005b). Extension agents’ perceptions of fundamental job characteristics and their level of job satisfaction. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 55(1), 88–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serbest, L. (2019). Factors affecting employee satisfaction: A study on SSI employees. İstanbul University, Master Thesis. Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations. Department of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 134, İstanbul.

  • Sever, A., Boz, İ. (2012). Tarım yayımcısı ve danışmanların iş memnuniyeti ve kaliteli hizmet vermesini etkileyen faktörler: Kahramanmaraş örneği. 10. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi 5–7 Eylül, Konya, 1103–1111.

  • Sever, A., Boz, İ. (2014). Türkoğlu ilçesinde tarımsal danışmanlık hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesi. 11.Ulusal Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, Samsun. 1666–1672.

  • Sezgin, A. (2010). Çiftçilerin tarımsal yayımın finansmanına katılma istelerini etkileyen faktörlerin analizi: Erzurum ili örneği. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 16, 116–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sezgin, A., Kaya, T. E., Atsan, T., & Kumbasaroglu, H. (2010). Factors influencing agricultural extension staff effectiveness in public institutions in Erzurum, Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 4(18), 4106–4109.

    Google Scholar 

  • SKD, (2019). Map of women's employment. Business and Sustainable Development Association. Sosyo-Politik Saha Araştırmaları Merkezi Araştırma Raporu. https://www.skdturkiye.org/esitadimlar/guncel/kadinistihdaminin-haritasi-cikarildi

  • Şoraklı, A. (2006). Bin Köye Bin Tarımcı Projesi Kapsamında Görev Yapan Tarım Danışmanlarının Etkinliklerinin Belirlenmesi: Erzurum İli Örneğ. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı, Erzurum.

  • Thirulogasundaram, V. P., & Sahu, P. C. (2014). Job satisfaction and absenteeism interface in corporate sector: A study. IOSR J Humanities Social Sci, 19(3), 64–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toktaş, S. (2010).“Adana İlinde Tarımsal Yayımı Geliştirme Projesi (Tar-Gel) Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı, 183, Adana.

  • Topper, E. F. (2008). Job satisfaction in libraries: Love it or leave it. New Library World, 109(5/6), 287–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunçay, T. (2021). Comparison quality of interpolation methods to estimate spatial distribution of soil moisture content. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 52(4), 353–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TÜİK, (2019a). Turkish Statistical Institute. Labor statistics regional results. (2014 and later). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=102&locale=tr Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2020.

  • Weiss, H. M., & Merlo, K. L. (2015). Job satisfaction. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 12, pp. 833–838). UK: Oxford.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Windon, S. R. (2019). Predictors of job satisfaction among extension program assistants. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(3), 232–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to all farm advisors who participated in this study.

Funding

No funding to declare.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

CKB and İB had the idea for the article, CK performed the literature search and data analysis, and İB drafted and/or critically revised the work. All authors have equal contribution and read and approved the final manuscript. This manuscript was prepared from the Ph.D. dissertation of the first author supervised by the second author. Both authors contributed equally to prepare this manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to İsmet Boz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

KAYNAKÇI BAYDAR, C., Boz, İ. Job satisfaction of farm advisors working through an immature farm advisory system. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03913-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03913-7

Keywords

Navigation