Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Agriculture, food security, and climate change in South Asia: a new perspective on sustainable development

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The South Asian region has faced multiple challenges in the last few decades. This region is susceptible to climate change due to the presence of both drought-prone and coastal areas. It also faces the problem of increasing food-insecurity due to the recent events of crop failure consequent to natural calamities. This study examines the nexus between agricultural production and food security amidst climate change for the South Asian nations from 2000 to 2019. From the empirical investigation, using Driscoll-Kraay and Panel-Corrected Standard Error estimators, we get robust results in the presence of cross-sectional dependence and heteroskedasticity. The simultaneous equation model using 3SLS is also used for the robustness check, considering the probable endogeneity issue in the model. The findings of the study reveal that agricultural production, fertilizer consumption, and land under cereal production play a substantial and positive role in determining food security in the South Asian nations. Furthermore, the varying rainfall patterns coupled with rising temperature, as well as the increasing level of CO2 emissions are found to impede food security in these nations. Additionally, non-climatic factors related to agriculture and land-use are also found to induce CO2 emissions, which is a major cause of climate change. Therefore, from a policy perspective, this study suggests that to ensure long-term food security in the South Asian nations, the government should implement effective policy measures, which include the decarbonization of the agricultural sector by encouraging the use of renewable energy sources and promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Source: Food and Agricultural Organisation Statistics (2019), United Nations

Fig. 3

Source: Our World in Data (2019)

Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The dataset has been compiled from the following secondary sources: https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions. https://databank.worldbank.org. https://www.fao.org/statistics/en/.

Notes

  1. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations.

Abbreviations

SDG:

Sustainable development goals

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide emissions

GFSI:

Global food security index

FSI:

Food security index

FAVI:

Food availability index

FACI:

Food accessibility index

FSTI:

Food stability index

FUTI:

Food utilisation index

AAR:

Average annual rainfall

AAT:

Average annual temperature

LUCP:

Land under cereal production

AGP:

Agricultural production

FC:

Fertilizer consumption

CPI:

Consumer price index

PCA:

Principal component analysis

CSD:

Cross sectional dependency

CIPS:

Cross-sectionally augmented im-pesaran

CADF:

Covariate augmented dickey fuller

PCSE:

Panel corrected standard error estimator

DSK:

Driscoll-Kraay estimator

VIF:

Variance-Inflation factor

ARDL:

Autoregressive distributed lag

FGLS:

Feasible generalised least square

FMOLS:

Fully modified ordinary least square

DOLS:

Dynamic ordinary least square

IPCC:

Intergovernmental panel on climate change

SOFI:

State of food security and nutrition in the world

References

  • Abbas, S. (2020). Climate change and cotton production: an empirical investigation of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research., 27, 29580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adewuyi, A. O., & Awodumi, O. B. (2017). Biomass energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Fresh evidence from West Africa using a simultaneous equation model. Energy, 119, 453–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agovino, M., Casaccia, M., Ciommi, M., Ferrara, M., & Marchesano, K. (2018). Agriculture, climate change and sustainability: The case of EU-28. Ecological Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, J. A., Dastgir, A., & Haseen, M. S. (2011). Impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in India. International Journal of Agricultural Environmental and Biotechnology, 4(2), 129–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahsan, F., Chandio, A. A., & Fang, W. (2020). Climate change impacts on cereal crops production in Pakistan. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(2), 257–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ammani, A., Jaafaru, A. K., Aliyu, J. A., & Arab, A. I. (2012). Climate change and maize production: Empirical evidence from Kaduna State. Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 16(1), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora, N. K. (2019). Impact of climate change on agriculture production and its sustainable solutions. Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00078-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aryal, J. P., Sapkota, T. B., Khurana, R., Chhetri, A. K., Rahut, D. B., & Jat, M. L. (2019b). Climate change and agriculture in South Asia: Adaptation options in smallholder production systems. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00414-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aryal, J. P., Sapkota, T. B., Rahut, D. B., & Jat, M. L. (2019a). Agricultural Sustainability under emerging climatic variability: Role of climate smart agriculture and relevant policies in India. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2019.10020869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attiaoui, I., & Boufateh, T. (2019). Impacts of climate change on cereal farming in Tunisia: A panel ARDL-PMG approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(13), 13334–13345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakhsh, K., Rose, S., Ali, M. F., Ahmad, N., & Shahbaz, M. (2017). Economic growth, CO2 emissions, renewable waste and FDI relation in Pakistan: New evidences from 3SLS. Journal of Environmental Management, 196, 627–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belloumi, M. (2014). Investigating the linkage between climate variables and food security in ESA countries. Regional Environmental Change, 42(1), 172–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, J., Swaminathan, M. S., & Rosegrant, M. W. (2004). Agriculture, food security, nutrition, and the Millennium Development Goals. Annual reports 2004, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandio, A. A., Abbas, S., Ozdemir, D., Ahmad, F., Sargani, G. R., & Twumasi, M. A. (2022). The Role of climatic changes and financial development to the ASEAN agricultural output: A novel long-run evidence for sustainable production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23144-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandio, A. A., Jiang, Y., Ahmad, F., Adhikari, S., & Ain, Q. U. (2021). Assessing the impacts of climatic and technological factors on rice production: Empirical evidence from Nepal. Technology in Society, 66, 101607. https://doi.org/10.1016/jtechsoc2021101607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandio, A. A., Jiang, Y., Akram, W., Adeel, S., Irfan, M., & Jan, I. (2020). Addressing the effect of climate change in the framework of financial and technological development on cereal production in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandio, A., Jiang, Y., Rehman, A., & Rauf, A. (2020). Short and long-run impacts of climate change on agriculture: an empirical evidence from China. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management., 12(2), 201–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Church, J. A., & White, N. J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(1), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dang, A. T., Kumar, L., Reid, M., & Anh, L. N. (2021). Modelling the susceptibility of wetland plant species under climate change in the Mekong Delta. Vietnam. Ecological Informatics., 64, 101358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan, H. G. (2018). Nexus of agriculture, GDP, population, and climate change: Case of some Eurasian countries and Turkey. Applied Ecology Environmental Research, 16(5), 6963–6976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebi, K. L., & Ziska, L. H. (2018). Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide: anticipated negative effects on food quality. PLoS Medicine., 15, e100260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edame, G. E., Ekpenyong, A. B., Fonta, W. M., & Duru, E. J. C. (2011). Climate change, food security and agricultural productivity in African: Issues and policy directions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(21), 205–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erokhin, V., & Gao, T. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of food security: Evidence from 45 developing countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5775.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faharuddin, F., Yamin, M., Mulyana, A., & Yunita, Y. (2022). Impact of food price increases on poverty in Indonesia: Empirical evidence from cross-sectional data. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 30(2), 126–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanzo, J., Davis, C., Mclaren, R., & Choufani, J. (2018). The effect of climate change across food systems: Implications for nutrition outcomes. Global Food Security, 18, 12–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2008b). Soaring food prices: facts, perspectives, impacts, and actions required. Paper presented at High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, 3–5 June.

  • Firdaus, R. B., Gunaratne, M. S., Rahmat, S. R., & Kamsi, S. (2020). Does climate change only affect food availability? What else matters? Cogent Food & Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1707607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2008a). Climate change and food security: a framework document. Rome (Italy).

  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnett, T., Appleby, M. C., Balmford, A., Bateman, I. J., Benton, T. G., Bloomer, P., Burlingame, B., Dawkins, M., Dolan, L., Fraser, D., Herrero, M., Hoffmann, I., & Smith, P. (2013). Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science, 341(6141), 33–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, K., Davenport, F., Funk, C., & Lerner, A. M. (2012). Child malnutrition and climate in Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of recent trends in Kenya. Applied Geography, 35(1), 405–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P. J., Ingram, J. S. I., & Brklacich, M. (2012). Climate change and food security. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 360, 2139–2148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guntukula, R. (2019). Assessing the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture: Evidence from major crop yields. Journal of Public Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haldar, A., Sethi, N., Jena, P. K., & Pradhan, P. C. (2023). Towards achieving sustainable development goal 7 in sub-Saharan Africa: Role of governance and renewable energy. Sustainable Development, 7, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanjra, M. A., & Qureshi, M. E. (2010). Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasnat, G. N. T., Kabir, M. A., & Hossain, M. A. (2018). Major Environmental Issues and Problems of South Asia. Particularly Bangladesh: Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_7-1

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, Z., Xu, S., Shen, W., Long, R., & Chen, H. (2016). Impact of urbanization on energy related CO2 emission at different development levels: Regional difference in China based on panel estimation. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoddinott, J. (2009). Choosing outcome indicators of household food security: technical guide. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), N.W. Washington D.C.

  • Hussain, M., Butt, A. R., Uzma, F., Ahmed, R., Irshad, S., Rehman, A., & Yousaf, B. (2020). A comprehensive review of climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation on environmental and natural calamities in Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014). “Climate change 2014”, Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva.

  • IPCC (2019). Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.

  • IPCC. (2021). Assessment report 6- climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan, I., Reznik, A., Kaminski, J., & Kimhi, A. (2022). The impacts of climate change on cropland allocation, crop production, output prices and social welfare in Israel: A structural econometric framework. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelkar, U., & Bhadwal, S. (2007). South Asian regional study on climate change impacts and adaptation: implications for human development. Human Development Report, UNDP. http://csf.rrojasdatabank.info/kelkar_ulka%20and%20bhadwal_suruchi.pdf

  • Kogo, B. K., Kumar, L., & Koech, R. (2020). Climate change and variability in Kenya: A review of impacts on agriculture and food security. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 23–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., & Sharma, P. (2013). Impact of climate variation on agricultural productivity and food security in rural India. Economics Discussion Papers, No. 2013–43, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Kiel.

  • Kumar, A., Ahmad, M. M., & Sharma, P. (2017). Influence of climatic and non-climatic factors on sustainable food security in India: A statistical investigation. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Management and Informatics, 3(1), 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P., Sahu, N. C., Kumar, S., & Ansari, M. A. (2021). Impact of climate change on cereal production: Evidence from lower-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14373-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay, R., Sarkar, B., Jat, H. S., Parbodh, C. S., & Bolan, N. S. (2021). Soil salinity under climate change: Challenges for sustainable agriculture and food security. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narisma, G. T., Foley, J. A., Licker, R., & Ramankutty, N. (2007). Abrupt changes in rainfall during the twentieth century. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nookathoti, T., & Behera, B. (2022). A study on functional efficiency of electronic national agriculture market in selected Mandis of Odisha. Economic and Political Weekly, 57(40), 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlak, K., & Kołodziejczak, M. (2020). The role of agriculture in ensuring food security in developing countries: Considerations in the context of the problem of sustainable food production. Sustainability, 12(13), 5488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickson, R. B., & Boateng, E. (2022). Climate change: A friend or foe to food security in Africa? Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 4387–4412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quandt, A., & Kimathi, Y. A. (2017). Perceptions of the effects of floods and droughts on livelihoods: Lessons from arid Kenya. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-11-2014-0132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, M. I., Awan, U., Arshad, Z., Rasil, A. M., Zaman, K., & Khan, F. (2016). Dynamic linkages among energy consumption, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural production in Pakistan: Sustainable agriculture key to policy success. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2423-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raiser, M. (2022). The Resilience Imperative: For South Asia, strengthening resilience to climate change has never been more critical. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/resilience-imperative-south-asia-strengthening-resilience-climate-change-has

  • Randell, H., Gray, C., & Shayo, E. H. (2022). Climatic conditions and household food security: Evidence from Tanzania. Food Policy., 112, 102362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasul, G. (2021). Twin challenges of Covid-19 pandemic and climate change for agriculture and food security in South Asia. Environmental Challenges. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.679037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasul, G. (2021b). A framework for addressing the twin challenges of COVID-19 and climate change for sustainable agriculture and food security in South Asia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.679037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidhuber, J., & Tubiello, F. N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 19703–19708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahzad, A., Ullah, S., Dar, A. A., Sardar, M. F., Mehmood, T., Tufail, M. A., Shakoor, A., & Haris, M. (2021). Nexus on climate change: Agriculture and possible solution to cope future climate change stresses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12649-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, A., Saquib, N., Dong, K., & Khan, S. A. R. (2022). Nexus between green technology innovation, green financing, and CO2 emissions in the G7 countries: The moderating role of social globalisation. Sustainable Development, 21, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibanda, M., & Ndlela, H. (2019). The link between carbon emissions, agricultural output, and industrial output: Evidence from South Africa. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21, 301–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibhatu, K., Arslan, A., & Zucchini, E. (2022). The effect of agricultural programs on dietary diversity and food security: Insights from the smallholder productivity promotion program in Zambia. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivakumar, M. V., & Stefanski, R. (2010). Climate change in South Asia. Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9516-9_2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SOFI (2022). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. Rome, FAO. doi https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639en

  • Spijkers, M. A. (2010). Implications of climate change on agriculture and food security in South Asia. Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9516-9_14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2015). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable and Development, United Nations. https://sdgs.un.org/publications/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development-17981

  • Vermeulen, S. J., Campbell, B. M., & Ingram, J. S. I. (2012). Climate change and food systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1), 195–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinke, K., Martin, M. A., Adams, S., Baarsch, F., Bondeau, A., Coumou, D., et al. (2017). Climatic risks and impacts in South Asia: Extremes of water scarcity and excess. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 1569–1583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vysochyna, A., Stoyanets, N., Mental, G., & Olejarz, T. (2020). Environmental determinates of country’s food security in short-term and long-term perspectives. Sustainability, 12, 4090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. W., Lee, W. K., & Son, Y. (2017). An assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation in South Asian agriculture. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9, 517–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wibe, K., Robinon, S., & Cattaneo, A. (2019). Climate change, agriculture and food security: Impacts and potential for adaptation and mitigation. Sustainable Food and Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812134-4.00004-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B., & You, L. (2013). A typology of food security in developing countries. China Agricultural Economic Review, 5(1), 118–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zellner, A., & Theil, H. (1962). Three-stage least squares: Simultaneous estimation of simultaneous equations. Econometrica, 30, 54–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai, S., Song, G., Quin, Y., Ye, X., & Lee, J. (2017). Modelling the impacts of climate change and technical progress on the wheat yield in inland China: An autoregressive distributed lag approach. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors give due credit to the Climate Change Knowledge Bank and the World Development Indicators of the World Bank for making their data sources accessible. The authors also acknowledge the secondary data made available on food security by the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. Finally, the authors acknowledge the help of their friends and co-workers. No funds were allocated to support the study in any way.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India

    Biswanath Behera, Anasuya Haldar & Narayan Sethi

Authors
  1. Biswanath Behera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anasuya Haldar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Narayan Sethi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Narayan Sethi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

See Fig. 5 and Tables, 8, 9 and 10.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Study area map Notes: The map shows the food Security index score of the selected South Asian countries as per the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). The score for Afghanistan is indicated as zero because GFSI does not have the data for Afghanistan. Source: Global Food Security Index, 2022.

Full size image
Table 8 Food security indicators.
Full size table
Table 9 Correlation matrix
Full size table
Table 10 Diagnostic test result
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Behera, B., Haldar, A. & Sethi, N. Agriculture, food security, and climate change in South Asia: a new perspective on sustainable development. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03552-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03552-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation