Abstract
Intention is a mental state that powerfully predicts and explains human thought and behaviour. Therefore, to support and encourage sustainable entrepreneurship, which is directly linked to achieving sustainable development goals, it is essential to bridge the gap in our knowledge of the factors that lie behind sustainable entrepreneurial intention. Consequently, employing data from Italy, the primary aim of this study is to provide insights into the factors that affect sustainable entrepreneurs’ behavioural intentions. This study looks to extend existing research on how the subconscious goals, subjective motivations (SSMs) and personality traits of sustainable entrepreneurs influence their behavioural intentions towards sustainable business. For this purpose, a holistic map of the SSM of sustainable entrepreneurship was designed, and the mechanisms behind the relationships between personality traits and SSM and the predictive power of the personality traits on SSM were analysed. The findings revealed the importance of the joint and non-alternative use of SSM and personality traits to better understand the antecedents of sustainable entrepreneurship. Further, the findings revealed the most relevant cognitive factors and personality traits and the influential role of personality traits in some SSM factors. This study provides a theoretical and empirical contribution to the debate on intention towards sustainable entrepreneurship and offers useful reflections for policy-makers and entrepreneurship education.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Cognition is an emergent and crucial theoretical perspective (Goodwin and Wofford 1990; Sánchez 2011) that helps us to recognise and react to opportunities and problems in the environment. It is defined as “all processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used” (Neisser 1967, p. 4). Mitchel et al. (2002) consider that “entrepreneurial cognitions are the knowledge structures that people use to make assessments, judgments, or decisions involving opportunity evaluation, venture creation, and growth” (2002, p. 97). Furthermore, through cognition, people develop hypotheses about themselves and their identity, thereby influencing their choice of goals and strategies (Latham 2007).
A script is a cognitive structure that is used by entrepreneurs to act and to make decisions. It is composed of highly developed and organised knowledge structures that are employed to simplify mental models in a bid to link previously unconnected information, thereby making assessments and decisions regarding the appraisal of opportunities and creating and cultivating an enterprise (Krueger 2003; Mitchell et al. 2000; Sánchez et al. 2011).
According to Elfving (2008), the superordinate goals affect the entrepreneur’s confidence in his abilities to perform the tasks (i.e. perception of entrepreneurial feasibility in the Shapero and Sokol (1982) model, and self-efficacy in the Theory of Planned Behavior model of Ajzen (1985)). This assumption deriving from Elfving's (2008) empirical observations can be explained by the fact that the goals affect persistence since individuals continue to strive until when they have achieved the goal, and the higher the goal, the greater the persistence of the entrepreneur Elfving. The persistence through the many obstacles in doing business is driven by the self-efficacy (Shane et al. 2003).
For example, a person can say that it is right and proper that the government encourages a business to be conducted in a sustainable manner—thereby satisfying their own need to be accepted through behaviours that are in line with social norms—when, in reality, the business owner is unwilling to implement sustainable entrepreneurial behaviours if this results in a decrease in profits due to behaviours aimed at protecting the environment and supporting society.
In terms of the relationship between corporate sustainability (CS) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Ebner and Baumgartner 2006; van Marrewijk 2003), we believe that the two concepts are closely interrelated and interdependent (Linnanen and Panapanaan 2002). CS, viewed as the condition for the survival and development of a company, presupposes the four responsibilities of CSR (Carroll 1991), which the organisation can apply in order to balance the three dimensions of sustainability (Wempe and Kaptein 2002; Willard 2005). From this perspective, CSR is the foundation on which the three pillars of CS rest (Kaptein and Wempe 2002; Siano 2012).
References
Abad, M. J. S., Sánchez-Iglesias, I., & de Tella, A. M. (2011). Evaluating Risk Propensity Using an Objective Instrument. The Spanish Journal of Psychology,14(1), 392–410.
Adcroft, A., Dhaliwal, S., & Willis, R. (2004). Missing the point? Management education and entrepreneurship. Management Decision,42(3/4), 512–521.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior (pp. 11–39). Berlin: Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50, 79–211.
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,32(4), 665–683.
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,22(5), 453–474.
Ali, I. (2019). Personality traits, individual innovativeness and satisfaction with life. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge,4(1), 38–46.
Allinson, C. W., Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,9(1), 31–43.
Alonso, M. A. P., Sanchez, J. C., & Maditinos, D. (2016). Entrepreneurial Opportunities Perception and Intentions within European Innovation-Driven Economies Under the Shadow of a Financial Crisis. In M. H. Bilgin & H. Danis (Eds.), Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 3–13). Berlin: Springer International Publishing.
Altinay, L., Madanoglu, M., Daniele, R., & Lashley, C. (2012). The influence of family tradition and psychological traits on entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(2), 489–499.
Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management,27(6), 755–775.
Antonioli, D., Nicolli, F., Ramaciotti, L., & Rizzo, U. (2016). The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on academics’ entrepreneurial intention. Administrative Sciences,6(4), 15.
Ariani, D. W. (2013). Personality and learning motivation. European Journal of Business and Management,5(10), 26–38.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999a). Distinguishing Perceptions of Control From Self-Efficacy: Predicting Consumption of a Low-Fat Diet Using the Theory of Planned Behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,29(1), 72–90.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999b). The theory of planned behaviour: Assessment of predictive validity and’perceived control. British Journal of Social Psychology,38(1), 35–54.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology,40(4), 471–499.
Austin, J. T., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,30(1), 1–22.
Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin,120(3), 338–375.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist,37(2), 122.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Theories of Cognitive Self-Regulation,50(2), 248–287.
Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology & Health,13(4), 623–649.
Bargh, J. A., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Trötschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(6), 1014–1027.
Baron, R. A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing,19(2), 221–239.
Baron, R. A. (2006). Opportunity Recognition as Pattern Recognition: How Entrepreneurs “Connect the Dots” to Identify New Business Opportunities. The Academy of Management Perspectives,20(1), 104–119.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology,78(5), 715–722.
Baum, J. R. (2013). Goals and entrepreneurship. In New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 460–473). New York, NY: Routledge.
Baum, J. R., Frese, M., & Baron, R. A. (2007). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. The Journal of Applied Psychology,89(4), 587–598.
Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2001). A Multidimensional Model of Venture Growth. The Academy of Management Journal,44(2), 292–303.
Becattini, G. (1989). Modelli locali di sviluppo. Il Mulino.
Bell, J., & Stellingwerf, J. (2012). Sustainable entrepreneurship: The motivations and challenges of sustainable entrepreneurs in the renewable energy industry.
Belz, F. M., & Binder, J. K. (2015a). Sustainable Entrepreneurship: A Convergent Process Model. Business Strategy and the Environment,26(1), 1–17.
Belz, F. M., & Binder, J. K. (2015b). Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bernard, H. R. (2012). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. The Academy of Management Review,13(3), 442–453.
Bird, B. (1992). The operation of intentions in time: the emergence of the new venture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,17(1), 11–21.
Black, K. (2010). Business statistics: Contemporary decision making. Hoboken: Wiley.
Block, J., Sandner, P., & Spiegel, F. (2015). How do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs? The role of motivation and procedural utility. Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), 183–206.
Borgogni, L., & Dello Russo, L. (2008). Motivazione e gestione per obiettivi. Franco Angeli: In Valutazione e motivazione delle risorse umane nelle organizzazioni.
Bornstein, D. (1996). The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea that is Helping the Poor to Change Their Lives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brandstätter, H. (1997). Becoming an entrepreneur — A question of personality structure? Perspectives in Economic Psychology A Tribute to Karl-Erik Warneryd,18(2), 157–177.
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences,51(3), 222–230.
Brännback, M., Krueger, N. F., Carsrud, A. L., & Kickul, J. (2007). ‘Trying’ to be an entrepreneur? A ‘goal-specific’ challenge to the intentions model. Paper presented at the Babson Entrepreneurship Research Conference. Madrid, 2007. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1151047.
Braun, P. (2010). Going green: Women entrepreneurs and the environment. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 245–259.
Buenstorf, G. (2007). Creation and pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities: An evolutionary economics perspective. Small Business Economics,28(4), 323–337.
Burns, R. P., & Burns, R. (2008). Business Research Methods and Statistics Using SPSS. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Busenitz, L. W. (1999). Entrepreneurial Risk and Strategic Decision Making It’s a Matter of Perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,35(3), 325–340.
Cantner, U., Silbereisen, R. K., & Wilfling, S. (2011). Which Big-Five personality traits drive entrepreneurial failure in highly innovative firms? (PDF Download Available) (pp. 1–51). Presented at the DIME Final Conference, Maastricht.
Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior approach. Journal of Business Research,60(10), 1090–1098.
Carroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons,34(4), 39–48.
Carsrud, A. L., & Brännback, M. (2009). Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind: Opening the Black Box. Berlin: Springer.
Carsrud, A. L., & Brännback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial Motivations: What Do We Still Need to Know? Journal of Small Business Management,49(1), 9–26.
Carsrud, A. L., Brännback, M., Elfving, J., & Brandt, K. (2009). Motivations: The entrepreneurial mind and behavior. In Understanding the entrepreneurial mind (pp. 141–165). Berlin: Springer.
Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing,11(3), 151–166.
Chao-Tung, L., Chia, T.-L., & Liang, C. (2015). Effect of Personality Differences in Shaping Entrepreneurial Intention. International Journal of Business and Social Science,6(4), 166–176.
Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing,13(4), 295–316.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2004). General self-efficacy and self-esteem: Toward theoretical and empirical distinction between correlated self-evaluations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 375–395.
Cheung, S. F., & Chand, D. K. S. (2000). The role ofperceived behavioral control in predicting human behavior: A meta-analytic review of studies on the theory of planned behaviour. Unpublished manuscript. Chinese University of Hong Kon.
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,58(6), 1015–1026.
Ciasullo, M. V., & Troisi, O. (2013). Sustainable value creation in SMEs: a case study. The TQM Journal,25(1), 44–61.
Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., Riordan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., & Stokes, G. S. (2004). The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage? Journal of Business Venturing,19(4), 465–483.
Clarke, C. (2005). Automotive Production Systems and Standardisation—From Constanze Clarke Springer. Berlin: Springer.
Cobb-Clark, D., & Schurer, S. (2011). The stability of the big-five personality traits (p. 5943). Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, No: Discussion paper series. Discussion paper series.
Cohen, B., Smith, B., & Mitchell, R. (2008). Toward a sustainable conceptualization of dependent variables in entrepreneurship research. Business Strategy and the Environment,17(2), 107–119.
Cohen, B., & Winn, M. I. (2007). Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing,22(1), 29–49.
Collins, C., Hanges, P., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. Articles and Chapters. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/831.
Conejo, F., Parthasarathy, M., & Wooliscroft, B. (2015). On using big five facets for entrepreneurship’s personality research: conscientiousness’ taxonomy. Journal of International Marketing Strategy,3(1), 55–74.
Cooper, A. J., Smillie, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Mini-IPIP five-factor model personality scale. Personality and Individual Differences,48(5), 688–691.
Corbett, A. C. (2007). Learning asymmetries and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing,22(1), 97–118.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences,13(6), 653–665.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. SAGE.
Crnogaj, K., Rebernik, M., Bradac Hojnik, B., & Gomezelj Omerzel, D. (2014). Building a model of researching the sustainable entrepreneurship in the tourism sector. Kybernetes,43(3/4), 377–393.
Crowther, D., & Aras, G. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility. Frederiksberg: Ventus Publishing.
De Carolis, D. M., & Saparito, P. (2006). Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,30(1), 41–56.
De Hoogh, A. H. B., Den Hartog, D. N., & Koopman, P. L. (2005). Linking the Big Five-Factors of personality to charismatic and transactional leadership; perceived dynamic work environment as a moderator. Journal of Organizational Behavior,26(7), 839–865.
Dean, T. J., & McMullen, J. S. (2007). Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: Reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing,22(1), 50–76.
Del Baldo, M. (2006). SMEs and Corporate Social Responsibility. Some Evidences from an Empirical Research. In Proceedings on Emerging issues (Vol. 1, pp. 314–343). Presented at the International accounting & business conference, University of Padua.
Del Baldo, M. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurial Values and Transcendental Virtues in Italian SMEs. International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(6), 51.
DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. (2007). Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(5), 880–896.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology,41(1), 417–440.
Dinis, A., do Paco, A., Ferreira, J., Raposo, M., & Gouveia Rodrigues, R. (2013). Psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions among secondary students. Education + Training,55(8/9), 763–780.
Diochon, M., Gasse, Y., Menzies, T., & Menzies, D. (2002). Attitudes and Entrepreneurial Action: Exploring the Link. Manitoba, Canada: Administrative Sciences Association of Canada.
Divito, L., & Bohnsack, R. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientations and their impact on trade-off decisions in sustainability: The case of sustainable fashion entrepreneurs.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). The mini-IPIP scales: tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment,18(2), 192.
Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2000). Entrepreneurship as a utility maximizing response. Journal of Business Venturing,15(3), 231–251.
Draghici, A., Albulescu, C. T., & Tamasila, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial Attitude as Knowledge Asset: Its Impact on the Entrepreneurial Activity in Europe. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 205–209.
Drucker, P. F. (2014). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Routledge.
Dutta, D. K., & Crossan, M. M. (2005). The Nature of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Understanding the Process Using the 4I Organizational Learning Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,29(4), 425–449.
Dyllick, T., & Hockerts, K. (2002). Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment,11(2), 130–141.
Easterly, W. (2006). The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. London: Penguin.
Ebner, D., & Baumgartner, R. J. (2006). The Relationship between Sustainable Development and Corporate Social Responsibility. Presented at the Corporate Responsibility Research Conference, 4th-5th September, Dublin.
Elfving, J. (2008). Contextualizing Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Multiple Case Study on Entrepreneurial Cognition and Perception. Turku: Åbo Akademi University Press.
Elfving, J., Brännback, M., & Carsrud, A. L. (2009). Toward a contextual model of entrepreneurial intentions. In Understanding the entrepreneurial mind (pp. 23–33). Berlin: Springer.
Elfving, J., Brännback, M., & Carsrud, A. L. (2017). Motivations matter in entrepreneurial behavior: Depends on the context. In Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind (pp. 211–217). Berlin: Springer.
Ernst, K. (2011). Heart over mind—An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour. Unpublished dissertation, University Wuppertal, Wuppertal. Retrieved from http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fbb/wirtschaftswissenschaft/diss2011/ernst.
Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Pratt, S., & Altinay, L. (2017). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182.
Espíritu-Olmos, R., & Sastre-Castillo, M. A. (2015). Personality traits versus work values: Comparing psychological theories on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research,68(7), 1595–1598.
Estay, C., Durrieu, F., & Akhter, M. (2013). Entrepreneurship: From motivation to start-up. Journal of International Entrepreneurship,11(3), 243–267.
Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2004). Using the theory of planned behavior to assess entrepreneurship teaching programs: A first experimentation. In Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training Conference. Napoles: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.
Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(4), 679–689.
Ferguson, E., Heckman, J. J., & Corr, P. (2011). Personality and economics: Overview and proposed framework. Special Issue on Personality and Economics,51(3), 201–209.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Stanford University Press.
Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing,26(4), 431–440.
Foo, M.-D. (2011). Emotions and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Evaluation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(2), 375–393.
Forster, F., & Grichnik, D. (2013). Social Entrepreneurial Intention Formation of Corporate Volunteers. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship,4(2), 153–181.
Frese, M., Chell, E., & Klandt, H. (2000). Psychological Approaches to Entrepreneurship. London: Psychology Press.
Freud, S. (1924). A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York: Permabooks.
Gagnon, M. A. (2012). Sustainable minded entrepreneurs: developing and testing a values-based framework. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability,8(1), 9.
Garofoli, G. (1991). Modelli locali di sviluppo. FrancoAngeli.
Gartner, W. B. (1989). Who is an entrepreneur?” is the wrong question. Theory and Practice,13(4), 47–68.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 11.0 Update. Allyn and Bacon.
Gerlach, A. (2003). Sustainable entrepreneurship and innovation (pp. 38–49). Presented at the Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management Conference, June.
Gibbs, D. (2009). Sustainability Entrepreneurs, Ecopreneurs and the Development of a Sustainable Economy. Greener Management International,55, 63–78.
Gird, A., & Bagraim, J. J. (2008). The Theory of Planned Behaviour as Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intent Amongst Final-Year University Students. South African Journal of Psychology,38(4), 711–724.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative” description of personality”: the big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,59(6), 1216.
Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7–28).
Goodwin, V. L., & Wofford, J. C. (1990). A cognitive processes perspective on leadership behavior and effectiveness. Miami Beach, Florida: Presented at the National Academy of Management Meeting.
Goss, D. (2005). Schumpeter’s Legacy? Interaction and Emotion in the Sociology of Entrepreneurship (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1501561). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
Goss, D. (2008). Enterprise Ritual: A Theory of Entrepreneurial Emotion and Exchange. British Journal of Management,19(2), 120–137.
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2008). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,4(1), 35–50.
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2005). First-and higher-order models of attitudes, normative influence, and perceived behavioural control in the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology,44(4), 513–535.
Hahn, T., Figge, F., Pinkse, J., & Preuss, L. (2010). Trade-offs in corporate sustainability: you can’t have your cake and eat it. Business Strategy and the Environment,19(4), 217–229.
Haines, R., Street, M. D., & Haines, D. (2008). The influence of perceived importance of an ethical issue on moral judgment, moral obligation, and moral intent. Journal of Business Ethics,81(2), 387–399.
Hair., J. F. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis Im Sup. London: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F. (2011). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and health,17(2), 123–158.
Hatcher, L., & O’Rourke, N. (2013). A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Cary: SAS Institute.
Hechter, M., & Borland, E. (2001). National self-determination: the emergence of an international norm. Social Norms (pp. 186–233). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Heeren, A. J., Singh, A. S., Zwickle, A., Koontz, T. M., Slagle, K. M., & McCreery, A. C. (2016). Is sustainability knowledge half the battle?: An examination of sustainability knowledge, attitudes, norms, and efficacy to understand sustainable behaviours. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,17(5), 613–632.
Hemingway, C. A. (2005). Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics,60(3), 233–249.
Hockerts, K. (2015). The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): a validation study. Social Enterprise Journal,11(3), 260–280.
Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,41(1), 105–130.
Hockerts, K., Muñoz, P., Janssen, F., & Nicolopoulou, K. (2018). Advancing sustainable entrepreneurship through substantive research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,24(2), 322–332.
Hockerts, K., & Wüstenhagen, R. (2010). Greening Goliaths versus emerging Davids — Theorizing about the role of incumbents and new entrants in sustainable entrepreneurship. Sustainable Development and Entrepreneurship,25(5), 481–492.
Hoogendoorn, B., van der Zwan, P., & Thurik, R. (2017). Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3646-8.
Hvide, H. K., & Panos, G. A. (2014). Risk tolerance and entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics,111(1), 200–223.
İrengün, O., & Arıkboğa, Ş. (2015). The Effect of Personality Traits on Social Entrepreneurship Intentions: A Field Research. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,195, 1186–1195.
İyigün, N. Ö. (2015). What could Entrepreneurship do for Sustainable Development? A Corporate Social Responsibility-Based Approach. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,195, 1226–1231.
Jakopec, A., Krecar, I. M., & Susanj, Z. (2013). Predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of students of economics. Studia psychologica,55(4), 289.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008a). Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait taxonomy. Handbook of personality: Theory and research,3(2), 114–158.
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008b). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 114–158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Johnson, M. P., & Schaltegger, S. (2016). Two Decades of Sustainability Management Tools for SMEs: How Far Have We Come? Journal of Small Business Management,54(2), 481–505.
Kaiser, F. G. (2006). A moral extension of the theory of planned behavior: Norms and anticipated feelings of regret in conservationism. Personality and Individual Differences,41(1), 71–81.
Kaptein, M., & Wempe, J. F. D. B. (2002). The Balanced Company: A Theory of Corporate Integrity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(3), 655–674.
Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M., & Tornikoski, E. T. (2013). Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: a test of the theory of planned behaviour. Applied Economics,45(6), 697–707.
Kidd, C. V. (1992). The evolution of sustainability. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 5(1), 1–26.
Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach. Journal of Economic Literature,35(1), 60–85.
Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Augustus M. Kelley: New York.
Koe, W.-L., & Majid, I. A. (2014). Socio-cultural factors and intention towards sustainable entrepreneurship. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics,7(13), 145–156.
Koe, W.-L., Omar, R., & Majid, I. A. (2014). Factors Associated with Propensity for Sustainable Entrepreneurship. 4th International Conference on Marketing and Retailing 2013, INCOMaR 2013, 130, 65–74.
Koe, W.-L., Omar, R., & Sa’ari, J. R. (2015a). Factors Influencing Propensity to Sustainable Entrepreneurship of SMEs in Malaysia. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,172, 570–577.
Koe, W.-L., Roaimah, O., & Izaidin, A. M. (2015b). Bumiputra Entrepreneurs’ Perception and Propensity to Sustainable Entrepreneurship. Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and| Roaimah Omar| Springer (pp. 265–274). Singapore: Springer.
Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. (2007). “I think I can, I think I can”: Overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology,28(4), 502–527.
Kolb, C., & Wagner, M. (2015). Crowding in or crowding out: the link between academic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial traits. The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(3), 387–408.
Kolvereid, L. (2006). Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,21, 47–57.
Kozubíková, L., Belás, J., Bilan, Y., & Bartoš, P. (2015). Personal characteristics of entrepreneurs in the context of perception and management of business risk in the SME segment.
Krieg, A. (2012). Motivations for Humanitarian intervention: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations. Berlin: Springer.
Krueger, N. F. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,18(1), 521–530.
Krueger, N. F. (2003). The Cognitive Psychology of Entrepreneurship. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction (pp. 105–140). Boston, MA: Springer, US.
Krueger, N. F. (2007). What Lies Beneath? The Experiential Essence of Entrepreneurial Thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,31(1), 123–138.
Krueger, N. F. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. In A. L. Carsrud & M. Brännback (Eds.), Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind: Opening the Black Box (pp. 51–72). New York, NY: Springer New York.
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,5(4), 315–330.
Krueger, N. F., & Day, M. (2010). Looking Forward, Looking Backward: From Entrepreneurial Cognition to Neuroentrepreneurship. In J. Z. Acs & B. D. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction (pp. 321–357). New York, NY: Springer, New York.
Krueger, N. F., Hansen, D. J., Michl, T., & Welsh, D. H. B. (2011). Thinking ‘Sustainably’: The Role of Intentions, Cognitions, and Emotions in Understanding New Domains of Entrepreneurship. In Social and Sustainable Entrepreneurship (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth) (Vols 1-0, Vol. 13, pp. 275–309). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing,15(5), 411–432.
Kuckertz, A., & Wagner, M. (2010a). The influence of sustainability orientation on entrepreneurial intentions: Investigating the role of business experience. Journal of Business Venturing,25(5), 524–539.
Kuckertz, Andreas, & Wagner, M. (2010b). The influence of sustainability orientation on entrepreneurial intentions—Investigating the role of business experience. Journal of Business Venturing,25(5), 524–539.
Kurucz, E. C., Colbert, B. A., & Wheeler, D. C. (2008). The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility. In The Oxford Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lafuente, E., Vaillant, Y., & Rialp, J. (2007). Regional Differences in the Influence of Role Models: Comparing the Entrepreneurial Process of Rural Catalonia. Regional Studies,41(6), 779–796.
Lans, T., Gilikers, J. T. M., & Batterink, M. H. (2010). Moving beyond Traditional Measures of Entrepreneurial Intentions in a Study among Life-Sciences Students in the Netherlands (PDF Download Available). Research in Post-Compulsory Education,15(3), 259–274.
Latham, G. P. (2007). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Latham, G. P. (2012). Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Latham, G. P., & Locke, E. A. (1991). Theories of Cognitive Self-RegulationSelf-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50(2), 212–247.
Latham, G., & Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology,56, 485–516.
Latham, G. P., Stajkovic, A. D., & Locke, E. A. (2010). The relevance and viability of subconscious goals in the workplace. Journal of Management,36(1), 234–255.
Lawal, F. A., Worlu, R. E., & Ayoade, O. E. (2016). Critical Success Factors for Sustainable Entrepreneurship in SMEs: Nigerian Perspective. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,7(31), 338.
Lee, S., & Klein, H. J. (2002). Relationships between conscientiousness, self-efficacy, self-deception, and learning over time. Journal of Applied Psychology,87(6), 1175.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2008). IBM SPSS for Introductory Statistics: Use and Interpretation (5th ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
Leonelli, S., Ceci, F., & Masciarelli, F. (2017). The importance of entrepreneurs’ traits in explaining start-ups’ innovativeness. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 101, 71–85.
Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences,63, 58–63.
Li, Y. (2011). Emotions and new venture judgment in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management,28(2), 277–298.
Liang, C.-T., Lee, J.-L., & Liang, C. (2015). Interaction of Psychological Factors in Shaping Entrepreneurial Intention among computer and Electrical Engineering students. Journal of entrepreneurshio, management and innovation, 11(2), 5–30.
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,33(3), 593–617.
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,11(4), 907–933.
Liñán, F., Rodriguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2005). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels. In 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association (pp. 23–27). Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Linnanen, L. (2002). An Insider’s Experiences with Environmental Entrepreneurship. Greener Management Internationa,38, 71–80.
Linnanen, L., & Panapanaan, V. (2002). Road mapping CSR in Finnish Companies. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology.
Llewellyn, D. J., & Wilson, K. M. (2003). The controversial role of personality traits in entrepreneurial psychology. Education + Training,45(6), 341–345.
Locke, E. A. (2000a). Motivation, Cognition, and Action: An Analysis of Studies of Task Goals and Knowledge. Applied Psychology,49(3), 408–429.
Locke, E. A. (2000b). The prime movers: Traits of the great wealth creators. New York: Amacom.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation—Google Scholar. American Psychologist,57(9), 705.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2006). New Directions in Goal-Setting Theory—Google Scholar. Current directions in psycologica science,15(5), 265–268.
Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P., & Erez, M. (1988). The determinants of goal commitment. Academy of Management Review,13(1), 23–39.
Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,11(4), 935–957.
Lundstrom, A., Zhou, C., von Friedrichs, Y., & Sundin, E. (2013). Social Entrepreneurship: Leveraging Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Berlin: Springer.
MacNab, B. R., & Worthley, R. (2008). Self-Efficacy as an Intrapersonal Predictor for Internal Whistleblowing: A US and Canada Examination. Journal of Business Ethics,79(4), 407–421.
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship: How Intentions to Create a Social Venture are Formed. In J. Mair, J. Robinson, & K. Hockerts (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship (pp. 121–135). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Majid, I. A., & Koe, W.-L. (2012). Sustainable Entrepreneurship (SE): A Revised Model Based on Triple Bottom Line (TBL). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,2(6), 293–310.
Majid, I. A., Latif, A., & Koe, W.-L. (2017). SMEs’ Intention towards Sustainable Entrepreneurship. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,4(3), 24–32.
Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the Big Five to motivation to learn and development activity. The Journal of Applied Psychology,91(4), 927–935.
Manstead, A. S. R., & van Eekelen, S. A. M. (1998). Distinguishing Between Perceived Behavioral Control and Self-Efficacy in the Domain of Academic Achievement Intentions and Behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,28(15), 1375–1392.
Martínez-Ferrero, J., & García-Sánchez, I. M. (2015). Is corporate social responsibility an entrenchment strategy? Evidence in stakeholder protection environments. Review of Managerial Science, 9(1), 89–114.
Masurel, E. (2007). Why SMEs invest in environmental measures: sustainability evidence from small and medium-sized printing firms. Business Strategy and the Environment,16(3), 190–201.
Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2009). Personality Traits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCaul, K. D., Sandgren, A. K., O’Neill, H. K., & Hinsz, V. B. (1993). The Value of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Perceived Control, and Self-Efficacy Expectations for Predicting Health-Protective Behaviors. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,14(2), 231–252.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Van Nostrand Company Inc: New York.
McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: Refining the measure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965–988.
Mitchell, R. K., Mitchell, B., & Mitchell, J. R. (2007). Entrepreneurial scripts & entrepreneurial expertise. The entrepreneurial mind (pp. 97–140). New York, NY: Springer.
Mitchell, R. K., Mitchell, B. T., & Mitchell, J. R. (2009). Entrepreneurial Scripts and Entrepreneurial Expertise: The Information Processing Perspective. In Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind—Opening the Black Alan L. Carsrud Springer (pp. 97–137). Berlin: Springer.
Mitchell, R. K., Smith, J. B., Morse, E. A., Seawright, K. W., Peredo, A. M., & McKenzie, B. (2002). Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,26(4), 9–33.
Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., & Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-Cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision (PDF Download Available). Academy of Management Journal,43(5), 974–993.
Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development,39(2), 162–185.
Mortan, R. A., Ripoll, P., Carvalho, C., & Bernal, M. C. (2014). Effects of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,30(3), 97–104.
Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., Scullen, S. M., & Rounds, J. (2005). Higher-Order Dimensions of the Big Five Personality Traits and the Big Six Vocational Interest Types. Personnel Psychology,58(2), 447–478.
Muñoz, P. (2017). A cognitive map of sustainable decision-making in entrepreneurship: A configurational approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(3), 787–813.
Muñoz, P., & Cohen, B. (2018). Sustainable entrepreneurship research: Taking stock and looking ahead. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(3), 300–322.
Muñoz, P., & Dimov, D. (2015). The call of the whole in understanding the development of sustainable ventures. Journal of Business Venturing,30(4), 632–654.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nardin, T. (2006). Introdution. In Humanitarian Intervention: NYU Press.
Nasurdin, A. M., Ahmad, N. H., & Lin, C. E. (2009). Examining a model of entrepreneurial intention among Malaysians using SEM procedure. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33(2), 365–373.
Nauta, M. M. (2004). Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationships between personality factors and career interests. Journal of Career Assessment,12(4), 381–394.
Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York, NY: Prentice NJ -Hall Englewood Cliffs.
Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics,95(2), 259–282.
Nicholson, N., Fenton-O’Creevy, M., Soane, E., & Willman, P. (2002). Risk propensity and personality. London Business School: Open University Business School and Said Business School Oxford, London.
Nisbet, E. K. L., & Gick, M. L. (2008). Can health psychology help the planet? Applying theory and models of health behaviour to environmental actions. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne,49(4), 296–303.
Norman, P., & Hoyle, S. (2004). The theory of planned behavior and breast self-examination: Distinguishing between perceived control and self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,34(4), 694–708.
Oswick, C., Fleming, P., & Hanlon, G. (2011). From borrowing to blending: Rethinking the processes of organizational theory building. Academy of Management Review,36(2), 318–337.
Oz, H. (2015). Personality traits and ideal L2 self as predictors of academic achievement among prospective English teachers. Presented at the 8th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, Seville, Spain.
Parker, S. (2004). The Economics of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship (Cambridge Books). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parrish, B. D. (2010). Sustainability-driven entrepreneurship: Principles of organization design. Journal of Business Venturing,25(5), 510–523.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Perrini, F. (2005). Building a European portrait of corporate social responsibility reporting. European Management Journal,23(6), 611–627.
Pervin, L. A. (2003). The science of personality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phan, P. H., Wong, P. K., & Wang, C. K. (2002). Antecedents to entrepreneurship among university students in Singapore: beliefs, attitudes and background. Journal of Enterprising Culture,10(02), 151–174.
Pineiro-Chousa, J., Vizcaíno-González, M., & López-Cabarcos, M. Á. (2016). Reputation. Game Theory and Entrepreneurial Sustainability. Sustainability,8(11), 1196.
Polanyi, M. (1979). La conoscenza inespressa. Armando Armando.
Popper, K. R. (1972). Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach.
Porcar, A. T., & Soriano, D. R. (2017). Inside the mind of the entrepreneur: Cognition, personality traits, intention, and gender behavior. Springer.
Praneetvatakul, S., Janekarnkij, P., Potchanasin, C., & Prayoonwong, K. (2001). Assessing the sustainability of agriculture: A case of Mae Chaem Catchment, northern Thailand. Environment International, 27(2), 103–109.
Prince-Gibson, E., & Schwartz, S. H. (1998). Value Priorities and Gender. Social Psychology Quarterly,61(1), 49–67.
Propstmeier, J. (2011). Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Behavior—Opportunity Recognition. Entrepreneurial Intention and the Role of Human Capital: Lulu.com.
Quast, H. M. (2016). Examining the Overlapping Traits of Athletes and Entrepreneurs Through a Series of Case Studies. (Honors Theses and Capstones). University of New Hampshire.
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,16(4), 353–385.
Renko, M., Shrader, R. C., & Simon, M. (2012). Perception of entrepreneurial opportunity: a general framework. Management Decision,50(7), 1233–1251.
Revell, A., Stokes, D., & Chen, H. (2010). Small Businesses and the Environment: Turning Over a New Leaf? Business Strategy and the Environment,19(5), 273–288.
Rhee, K. S., & White, R. J. (2007). The Emotional Intelligence of Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship,20(4), 409–425.
Richomme-Huet, K., & de Freyman, J. (2014). What Sustainable Entrepreneurship Looks Like: An Exploratory Study from a Student Perspective. In A. Lundström, C. Zhou, Y. von Friedrichs, & E. Sundin (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship: Leveraging Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions (pp. 155–177). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Rivis, A., Sheeran, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2009). Expanding the Affective and Normative Components of the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of Anticipated Affect and Moral Norms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,39(12), 2985–3019.
Robinson, P., Stimpson, D., Huefnes, J., & Hunt, H. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 15, 13–31.
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,28(6), 789–801.
Rohrmann, B. (1998). The risk notion: epistemological and empirical considerations. In Integrative risk assessment (pp. 39–46).
Rohrmann, B. (2005). Risk attitude scales: Concepts, questionnaires, utilizations (Vol. 13). Australia: University of Melbourne.
Rothmann, S., & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68–74.
Rutter, D., & Quine, L. (2002). Social Cognition Models and Changing Health Behaviours. In Changing Health Behaviour: Intervention and Research with Social Cognition Models. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology,25(1), 54–67.
Saeed, R., Nayyab, H. H., Rashied, H., Lodhi, R. N., Musawar, S., & Iqbal, A. (2013). Who is the most potential entrepreneur? A case of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,17(9), 1307–1315.
Sánchez, J. C. (2011). Entrepreneurship as a legitimate field of knowledge. Psicothema,23(3), 427–432.
Sánchez, J. C., Carballo, T., & Gutiérrez, A. (2011). The entrepreneur from a cognitive approach. Psicothema, 23(3), 433–438.
Sardianou, E., Kostakis, I., Mitoula, R., Gkaragkani, V., Lalioti, E., & Theodoropoulou, E. (2015). Understanding the entrepreneurs’ behavioural intentions towards sustainable tourism: a case study from Greece. Environment, Development and Sustainability,18(3), 857–879.
Schaltegger, S. (2000). Vom bionier zum sustainopreneur. Presented at the Presentation at Rio Impuls Management Forum.
Schaltegger, S. (2002). A Framework for Ecopreneurship. Greener Management International, 38, 45–58.
Schaltegger, S., & Wagner, M. (2011). Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: categories and interactions. Business Strategy and the Environment,20(4), 222–237.
Schein, E. H. (1983). The role o f the founder in creating organizational culture. Organizational Dynamics,12(1), 13–28.
Schick, H., Marxen, S., & Freimann, J. (2016). Sustainability in the Start-up Process. In Making Ecopreneurs: Developing Sustainable Entrepreneurship (pp. 108–121). CRC Press.
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intent: A Meta-Analytic Test and Integration of Competing Models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(2), 291–332.
Schlange, L. E. (2006a). What drives sustainable entrepreneurs. In 3rd Applied Business and Entrepreneurship Association International (ABEAI) Conference (pp. 1–11).
Schlange, L. E. (2006b). Stakeholder Identification in Sustainability Entrepreneurship. Greener Management International,2006(55), 13–32.
Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-opportunity Nexus. Cheltnham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review,13(2), 257–279.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. The Academy of Management Review,25(1), 217–226.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72–90). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sheeba, K. H. (2015). Entrepreneurship: the cognitive relation. International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review,2(11), 256–263.
Shepherd, D. A. (2015). Party On! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Journal of Business Venturing,30(4), 498–507.
Shepherd, D. A., Kuskova, V., & Patzelt, H. (2009). Measuring the values that underlie sustainable development: The development of a valid scale. Journal of Economic Psychology,30(2), 246–256.
Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2011). The new field of sustainable entrepreneurship: Studying entrepreneurial action linking “what is to be sustained” with “what is to be developed”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(1), 137–163.
Shook, C. L., & Bratianu, C. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: an application of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,6(3), 231–247.
Siano, A. (2012). La comunicazione per la sostenibilità nel management delle imprese. Sinergie, rivista di studi e ricerche,89, 3–23.
Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the Determinants of Risk Behavior. The Academy of Management Review,17(1), 9–38.
Spence, L. J. (1999). Does size matter? The state of the art in small business ethics. Business Ethics: A European Review,8(3), 163–174.
Spence, M., Gherib, J. B., & Biwolé, V. O. (2011). Sustainable entrepreneurship: is entrepreneurial will enough? A north–south comparison. Journal of Business Ethics,99(3), 335–367.
Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Environmental Psychology on the Move,29(3), 309–317.
Stewart, W. H., Jr., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology,86(1), 145–153.
Stewart, W. H., Jr., & Roth, P. L. (2004). Data Quality Affects Meta-Analytic Conclusions: A Response to Miner and Raju (2004) Concerning Entrepreneurial Risk Propensity. Journal of Applied Psychology,89(1), 14–21.
Stewart, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2007). A Meta-Analysis of Achievement Motivation Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1008086). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
Summers, D. F. (2000). The Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions. London: Psychology Press.
Sušanj, Z., Jakopec, A., & MiljkovićKrečar, I. (2015). Verifying the model of predicting entrepreneurial intention among students of business and non-business orientation. Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues,20(2), 49–69.
Tams, S. (2008). Self-directed social learning: the role of individual differences. Journal of Management Development,27(2), 196–213.
Teddlie, C., & Yu, F. (2007). Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of mixed methods research,1(1), 77–100.
Thompson, E. R. (2008). Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers. Personality and Individual Differences,45(6), 542–548.
Thompson, N., Kiefer, K., & York, J. G. (2011). Distinctions not Dichotomies: Exploring Social, Sustainable, and Environmental Entrepreneurship. In Social and Sustainable Entrepreneurship (Vols 1-0, Vol. 13, pp. 201–229). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Tilley, F. (1999). The gap between the environmental attitudes and the environmental behaviour of small firms. Business Strategy and the Environment,8(4), 238–248.
Tilley, F., & Young, W. (2009). Sustainability entrepreneurs. Greener Management International, 55, 79–92.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). Predictors of social entrepreneurial intention: An empirical study. South Asian Journal of Business Studies,6(1), 53–79.
Toegel, G., & Barsoux, J.-L. (2012). How to become a better leader. MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 51.
Tonglet, M., Phillips, P. S., & Read, A. D. (2004). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to investigate the determinants of recycling behaviour: a case study from Brixworth, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,41(3), 191–214.
Tounés, A., Fafani, G., & Messeghem, K. (2015). An exploratory model of environmental intentio of SME directors in Tuinisia. In Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development Research (pp. 229–257). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Tyszka, T., Cieślik, J., Domurat, A., & Macko, A. (2011). Motivation, self-efficacy, and risk attitudes among entrepreneurs during transition to a market economy. The Journal of Socio-Economics,40(2), 124–131.
Uddin, M. R., & Bose, T. K. (2012). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), 128.
Urbig, D., Weitzel, U., Rosenkranz, S., & van Witteloostuijn, A. (2012). Exploiting opportunities at all cost? Entrepreneurial intent and externalities. Journal of Economic Psychology,33(2), 379–393.
Vaghely, I. P., & Julien, P.-A. (2010). Are opportunities recognized or constructed?: An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Journal of Business Venturing,25(1), 73–86.
van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International,13(6), 538–559.
van Marrewijk, M. (2003). Concepts and Definitions of CSR and Corporate Sustainability: Between Agency and Communion. Journal of Business Ethics,44(2), 95–105.
VanSandt, C. V., Sud, M., & Marmé, C. (2009). Enabling the original intent: Catalysts for social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics,90(3), 419–428.
Vermeulen, P. A. M., & Curseuurseu, P. L. (2010). Entrepreneurial Strategic Decision-making: A Cognitive Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Vesalainen, J., & Pihkala, T. (1999). Motivation structure and entrepreneurial intentions. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 19, 73–87.
Vuorio, A. M., Puumalainen, K., & Fellnhofer, K. (2017). Drivers of entrepreneurial intentions in sustainable entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,24(2), 359–381.
Vyakarnam, S., Bailey, A., Myers, A., & Burnett, D. (1997). Towards an Understanding of Ethical Behaviour in Small Firms. Journal of Business Ethics,16(15), 1625–1636.
Wahid, S., Ayob, A., Hussain, W. W., & Ismail, S. (2018). Social entrepreneurship intention: from literature review to Conceptual framework. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences,10(6S), 1242–1260.
Walker, J. K., Jeger, M., & Kopecki, D. (2013). The role of perceived abilities, subjective norm and intentions in entrepreneurial activity. The Journal of Entrepreneurship,22(2), 181–202.
Walley, E. E., & Taylor, D. (2002). Opportunists, Champions, Mavericks…? Greener Management International, 38, 31–43.
Wang, J. H., Chang, C.-C., Yao, S.-N., & Liang, C. (2016a). The contribution of self-efficacy to the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intention. Higher Education,72(2), 209–224.
Wang, J. H., Chang, C.-C., Yao, S.-N., & Liang, C. (2016b). The contribution of self-efficacy to the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intention. Higher Education,72(2), 209–224.
Wang, Y. L., Ellinger, A. D., & Wu, Y. J. (2013). Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: an empirical study of R&D personnel. Management Decision,51(2), 248–266.
Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J. K. (2011). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among college students in China and USA. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research,1(1), 35–44.
Wang, Y., & Poutziouris, P. (2010). Entrepreneurial risk taking: empirical evidence from UK family firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,16(5), 370–388.
Webb, T. L., Sniehotta, F. F., & Michie, S. (2010). Using theories of behaviour change to inform interventions for addictive behaviours. Addiction,105(11), 1879–1892.
Weber, P. S., Weber, J. E., Sleeper, B. R., & Schneider, K. L. (2004). Self-Efficacy Toward Service, Civic Participation and the Business Student: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Business Ethics,49(4), 359–369.
Wempe, J., & Kaptein, M. (2002). The Balanced Company. A Theory of Corporate Integrity. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
Willard, B. (2005). The next sustainability wave: building boardroom buy-in. Gabriola Island, B.C., Canada: New society Publisher, Gabriola Island, B.C., Canada.
Wmpgc, W., & Gunatissa, H. (2014). Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention (With Reference to Undergraduates of UWU, Sri Lanka). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(11), 1–6.
Wood, S. (2012). Prone to progress: Using personality to identify supporters of innovative social entrepreneurship. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing,31(1), 129–141.
Yap, S. C. Y., Anusic, I., & Lucas, R. E. (2012). Does personality moderate reaction and adaptation to major life events? Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Journal of Research in Personality,46(5), 477–488.
Yitshaki, R., & Kropp, F. (2016). Motivations and Opportunity Recognition of Social Entrepreneurs (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2741387). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2741387. Accessed 23 May, 2017.
Yiu, D. W., Wan, W. P., Ng, F. W., Chen, X., & Su, J. (2014). Sentimental Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship: A Study of China’s Guangcai (Glorious) Program. Management and Organization Review,10(1), 55–80.
Yong, L. (2007). Emotional Excellence in the Workplace: Leonard Personality Inventory (LPI) Personality Profiling. Leonard Personality Incorporated.
Young, W., & Tilley, F. (2006). Can businesses move beyond efficiency? The shift toward effectiveness and equity in the corporate sustainability debate. Business Strategy and the Environment,15(6), 402–415.
Yurtkoru, E. S., Kuşcu, Z. K., & Doğanay, A. (2014). Exploring the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention on Turkish University Students. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, 841–850.
Yzer, M. (2012). Perceived Behavioral Control in Reasoned Action Theory: A Dual-Aspect Interpretation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,640, 101–117.
Zachary, R. K., & Mishra, C. S. (2011). The Future of Entrepreneurship Research: Calling All Researchers. Entrepreneurship Research Journal,1(1), 1–15.
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology,90(6), 1265.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The Relationship of Personality to Entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Management,36(2), 381–404.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendices
Appendix 1
Antecedents of sustainable entrepreneurial intention | Definitions |
|---|---|
Motivation | Motivation explains why people have a desire to do something and makes them put effort and to achieve it. Sustainable entrepreneurs’ motivation is primarily structured along social and environmental dimensions of sustainability |
Internal-driven motivation | Entrepreneur’s internal motivation (internal stimulus that induces a person to search for a way of reducing the internal state of tension) (1) refers to his mindset, (2) can better explain why some person and not others are intrinsically motivated for some activities and the differences between sustainable and traditional entrepreneurship, (3) is pervasive and act as energisers for behaviour |
Personality traits | Personality traits indicate the characteristic patterns of people that persist over time and across situations and refer to thoughts, feelings and behaviours |
Extraversion | Assertive, sociable, optimist, dynamic and directive |
Emotional stability | Self-confident, calm, stable and balanced |
Agreeableness | Trust, altruism, friendly, cheerful, accommodating and supportive |
Conscientiousness | Self-control, reliability, persistence, hard work, achievement-oriented |
Openness to experience | Creative, inquisitive, non-conforming and independent judgment |
Conscious sustainability goals | It arises from the desire to change the world through the creation of sustainable entrepreneurial corporate activities |
Subconscious sustainability goal | Subconscious goals (1) refer to all schemes, mental models and to the individual’s perceptions of reality and of the word in which he lives; (2) are affected by the subjective knowledge that is deeply embedded in personal beliefs, attitudes, values to the particular combination of needs, values; (3) are the real driving forces behind many people’s behaviours Subconscious sustainability goal is affected by sustainable subjective knowledge |
Implicit knowledge structures | The knowledge structures are the key to entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and the factors used to assess, judge and decide about venture creation and growth. Implicit (tacit) knowledge (professional and is subjective) is deeply embedded in personal beliefs, insights, attitudes, values, experiences and the capabilities inherent in the person’s mind Subjective implicit knowledge refers to all schemes, mental models, beliefs and perceptions about reality and the world in which the individual lives as well as his vision of the future |
Sustainable perceived desirability | The personal level of perception of practising sustainability as interesting and attractive |
Sustainable entrepreneur’s perceived self-efficacy | The personal level of belief in one’s capacity to generate a significant social and environmental impact |
Sustainable entrepreneur’s perceived controllability | The perception of having sufficient control over the resources needed to cope successfully with the challenges |
Risk-taking | It is a general orientation towards taking or avoiding risks when people have to choose what to do in situations with uncertain outcomes. It refers to both risk perception (the subject level of perception of risk) and risk propensity (an attitude towards taking risks in a condition of low probability of success but with high rewards, although the latter will only be achieved after a long period) |
Sustainable attitude | It refers to the individual’s set of beliefs, emotions and manner of feeling and thinking about sustainability |
Appendix 2
First part | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Construct | Variable | Item | Source |
General | Business responsibility | I believe that business should take greater responsibility for solving today’s global problems | Authors’ elaboration |
Balancing of the three pillars | I believe that the entrepreneur should extend his/her goals to encompass ecological and social concerns through entrepreneurial behaviour that balances these three dimensions, and it is this approach that drives my business | Tilley and Young (2009) and Authors’ elaboration | |
People | Workforce welfare | It is important to me that my firm contributes to the welfare of the workforce | |
Community development | It is important to me that my firm be actively involved in the community development | Schaltegger and Wagner (2011) and Martínez-Ferrero and García-Sánchez (2015) | |
Economic benefits to the community | It is important to me that my firm give economic benefits to the larger community through our products and/or services | ||
Planet | Environmental harmless’ products | For me, it is crucial that my firm’s products are environmentally friendly | Bell and Stellingwerf (2012) |
Resource responsible policies | For me, it is crucial that my firm adopt responsible materials and energy policies (i.e. reduce waste; production process that uses resource efficiently) | Crowther and Aras (2008) | |
Profit | The creation of profit and positive externalities can coexist | I believe that companies can combine profit with having a positive social impact. | Tilley and Young (2009) |
Second part | ||
|---|---|---|
Item | Description | Source |
Background of respondents | Authors’ elaboration | |
1 | Age at the start of the enter | |
2 | Educational Qualification at the start of the enterprise | |
3 | Owner’s Gender | |
4 | The owner carries out other work | |
5 | Years of Establishment | |
6 | Work experience before starting the enterprise | |
7 | Religious belief | |
Sustainable attitude | Braun (2010) | |
1 | Nature copes with minimal impacts of modern industrial | |
2 | The balance of nature is weak and easily damaged | |
3 | Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs | |
4 | Plants and animals have right | |
5 | Often, human interference with nature produces disastrous results | |
6 | If things do not change, we will soon experience a major environmental disaster | |
7 | Environmental crisis has been exaggerated | |
8 | The space and resources of the earth are limited | |
9 | Humans are subject to the laws of nature | |
10 | Humans rule over nature | |
11 | The earth is reaching the maximum supportable limit of people | |
12 | Humans are severely abusing the environment | |
13 | The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to use them better | |
14 | Humans will learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it | |
15 | Human intelligence will make the earth a better place to live | |
Perceived sustainability desirability | Nasurdin et al. (2009), Moriano et al. (2012) and Koe et al. (2014) | |
1 | I love to operate sustainable business | |
2 | I enjoy to operate sustainable business | |
3 | I enthusiastic to operate in a sustainable business | |
4 | How desirable are to face new sustainability challenges for you in your everyday life? | |
5 | How desirable are to create new sustainability products for you in your everyday life? | |
6 | How desirable are to be creative and innovative for you in your everyday life? | |
7 | How desirable are to obtain high incomes for you? | |
Perceived sustainability self-efficacy (How much confidence do you have in your ability to) | ||
1 | Identify the need for sustainability product/service | |
2 | Design sustainability product/service that will satisfy customer | |
3 | Estimate customer demand for sustainability product or service | |
4 | Determine a competitive price for sustainability product/service | |
5 | Estimate the amount of funds and working capital necessary to my sustainable business | |
6 | Design an effective marketing/advertising campaign for a sustainability product/service | |
7 | Get others to identify with and believe in my vision and plans for sustainability business | |
8 | Make contact on sustainability issues | |
9 | Clearly and concisely explain verbally/in writing my sustainable idea | |
10 | Supervise employees towards sustainability | |
11 | Recruit and hire employees who practice sustainability | |
12 | Delegate sustainability tasks and responsibilities to employees in my business | |
13 | Deal effectively with day-to-day sustainability problems | |
14 | Inspire, encourage, and motivate my employees towards sustainability | |
15 | Train employees for sustainability | |
16 | Organise and maintain financial records of my business | |
17 | Manage the financial assets of my business | |
18 | Read and interpret financial statements | |
Perceived sustainability perceived controllability (What do you think is your degree of access to the resources needed to exercise control over) | ||
1 | Identify the need for sustainability product/service | |
2 | Design sustainability product/service that will satisfy customer | |
3 | Estimate customer demand for sustainability product or service | |
4 | Determine a competitive price for sustainability product/service | |
5 | Estimate the amount of funds and working capital necessary to my sustainable business | |
6 | Design an effective marketing/advertising campaign for a sustainability product/service | |
7 | Get others to identify with and believe in my vision and plans for sustainability business | |
8 | Make contact with sustainability issues | |
9 | Clearly and concisely explain verbally/in writing my sustainable idea | |
10 | Supervise employees towards sustainability | |
11 | Recruit and hire employees who practice sustainability | |
12 | Delegate sustainability tasks and responsibilities to employees in my business | |
13 | Deal effectively with day-to-day sustainability problems | |
14 | Inspire, encourage, and motivate my employees towards sustainability | |
15 | Train employees for sustainability | |
16 | Organise and maintain financial records of my business | |
17 | Manage the financial assets of my business | |
18 | Read and interpret financial statements | |
Risk-taking a Risk perception (How do you think is low the risk related to the following sentences for your decision to engage in your activity?) | Nicholson et al. (2002); Rohrmann (2005); Zhao et al. (2005) and Abad et al. (2011) | |
1 | I follow the motto, “nothing ventured, nothing gained” (Financial) | |
2 | Proving myself to other (Non-financial) Risk propensity (In general, what is your propensity for accepting risk to obtain what is indicated in the following sentences?) | |
3 | I’m propensed for accepting financial risks to earn additional income (Livelihood) | |
4 | I’m propensed for accepting riskier strategies that have less probability of success if I can reap more benefit, even if after a considerable amount of time (Livelihood) | |
5 | I enjoy the excitement of uncertainty and risk (Lifestyle) | |
6 | I want to keep up with my peers (Lifestyle) | |
7 | Others urged me to take part in the activity (Lifestyle) | |
8 | Don’t want to be seen as ‘cowardly’ (Lifestyle) | |
9 | To seek new work experiences gives me satisfaction because I gain in myself-confidence (Livelihood) | |
10 | To seek new work experiences gives me satisfaction because it is a personal challenge (opportunity to test my own limits) (Livelihood) | |
11 | I am willing to take a significant risk if the possible rewards are high enough (Physical status) | |
12 | I enjoy to attract attention (Physical status) | |
Mini-IPIP test | Donnellan et al. (2006) | |
1 | Am the life of the party | |
2 | Sympathise with others’ feelings | |
3 | Get chores done right away | |
4 | Have frequent mood swings | |
5 | I Have a vivid imagination | |
6 | Don’t talk a lot | |
7 | Am not interested in other people’s problems (R) | |
8 | Often forget to put things back in their proper place (R) | |
9 | Am relaxed most of the time (R) | |
10 | I Am not interested in abstract ideas (R) | |
11 | Talk to a lot of different people at parties | |
12 | A Feel others’ emotions | |
13 | Like order | |
14 | Get upset easily | |
15 | I Have difficulty understanding abstract ideas (R) | |
16 | Keep in the background (R) | |
17 | Am not really interested in others (R) | |
18 | Make a mess of things (R) | |
19 | Seldom feel blue (R) | |
20 | I Do not have a good imagination (R) | |
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arru, B. An integrative model for understanding the sustainable entrepreneurs’ behavioural intentions: an empirical study of the Italian context. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 3519–3576 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00356-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00356-x