Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Resident perceptions of livelihood impacts arising from the Kızıldağ National Park, Turkey

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, perceptions, needs, expectations and participation levels in the park management of residents of the Kızıldağ National Park were investigated. It was focused on especially how residents’ livelihood was affected by establishment and management of Kızıldağ National Park. It was examined why residents do not support protection efforts. Research data were obtained with the help of a survey form prepared to determine the perceptions of residents living in the national park. For the analyses of obtained data, statistics package program (SPSS 20) was used and also independent-samples t test and one-way analyses of variance were applied. As a result, the most important negative effects were loss of income and changes in traditional lifestyle. The most affected group from these negative effects was the ones dealing with animal husbandry. For the sustainable management and protection of national park, sense of belonging should be brought to residents so as to increase participation, traditional lifestyle of residents should be conserved and new sources of income should be generated for residents. To improve the participation of residents in national park management, community engagement mechanisms can be used as a tool.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, W. M., & Hutton, J. (2007). People, parks and poverty: Political ecology and biodiversity conservation. Conservation and Society, 5, 147–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akama, J. S., Lant, C. L., & Burnett, G. W. (1995). Conflicting attitudes toward state wildlife conservation programs in Kenya. Society and Natural Resources, 8, 133–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alkan, H. (2009). Negative impacts of rural settlements on natural resources in the protected areas: An example from Kovada Lake National Park. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(3), 363–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkan, H., Korkmaz, M., McGill, D. W., & Eker, M. (2010). Conflicts in benefits from sustainable natural resources management: Two diverse examples from Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31, 87–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkan, H., Korkmaz, M., & Tolunay, A. (2009). Assessment of primary factors causing positive or negative local perceptions on protected areas. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 17(1), 20–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, T. D., Smith, J. L. D., & Anderson, D. H. (2007). Residents’ perceptions of Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. Landscape and Urban Planning, 82, 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, T. D., & Yang, J. (2013). The role of ecosystem services in park–people relationships: The case of Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve in Southwest China. Biological Conservation, 167, 187–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, T. D., & Yang, J. M. (2015). The role of gender in local residents’ relationships with Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. Environment, Development and Sustainability. doi:10.1007/s10668-015-9731-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atmış, E., Özden, S., & Lise, W. (2007). Public participation in forestry in Turkey. Ecological Economics, 62, 352–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badola, R., Barthwal, S., & Hussain, S. A. (2012). Attitudes of local communities towards conservation of mangrove forests: A case study from the East Coast of India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 96, 188–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bajracharya, S. B., Furley, P. A., & Newton, A. C. (2005). Effectiveness of community involvement in delivering conservation benefits to the Annapurna Conservation Area. Nepal. Environmental Conservation, 32, 239–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baral, N. (2012). Empirical analysis of factors explaining local governing bodies’ trust for administering agencies in community-based conservation. Journal of Environmental Management, 103, 41–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, F. (2004). Rethinking Community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18, 621–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. P., & Russell, D. (2003). Conservation from above: An anthropological perspective on transboundary protected areas and ecoregional planning. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 17(1–2), 39–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. (1997). Plain tales from the grasslands: Extraction, value and utilization of biomass in Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 59–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. (2002). Innovations for conservation and development. The Geographical Journal, 168, 6–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CSGB. (2016). Ministry of labour and social security. www.csgb.gov.tr/home/contents/istatistikler/asgariucret/. Accessed October 2016.

  • De Boer, W. F., & Baquete, D. S. (1998). Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the Vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation, 25, 208–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearden, P., Chettamart, S., Emphandu, D., & Tanakanjana, N. (1996). National parks and hills tribes in northern Thailand: A case study of Doi Inthanon. Society and Natural Resources, 9, 125–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, H., Chen, Z., Cao, H., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., & Shan, P. (2015). Perceptions and attitudes of local residents on a nature reserve: A case study in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 22(2), 165–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Jones, N., Iosifides, T., Florokapi, I., Lasda, O., Paliouras, F., et al. (2010). Local attitudes on protected areas: Evidence from three Natura 2000 wetland sites in Greece. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 1847–1854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, N. (2008). Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. (Editor) Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

  • Ezebilo, E. E., & Mattsson, L. (2010). Socio-economic benefits of protected areas as perceived by local people around Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Forest Policy and Economics, 12, 189–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, P. J., & Hanauer, M. M. (2014). Quantifying causal mechanisms to determine how protected areas affect poverty through changes in ecosystem services and infrastructure. PNAS, 111, 4332–4337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiallo, E. A., & Jacobson, S. K. (1995). Local communities and protected areas, attitudes of rural residents towards conservation and Machalilla National Park, Ecuador. Environmental Conservation, 22, 241–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartter, J., Dowhaniuk, N., MacKenzie, C. A., Ryan, S. J., Diem, J. E., Palace, M. W., & Chapman, C. A. (2016). Perceptions of risk in communities near parks in an African biodiversity hotspot. Ambio, 45, 692–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkinen, H. I., Sarkki, S., & Nuttall, M. (2012). Users or producers of ecosystem services? A scenario exercise for integrating conservation and reindeer herding in northeast Finland. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 2, 11–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinen, J. T. (1993). Park people relations in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. A socio-economic analysis. Environmental Conservation, 20, 25–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinen, J. T. (2010). The importance of a social science research agenda in the management of protected natural areas, with selected examples. The Botanical Review, 76, 140–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hough, J. L., & Sherpa, M. N. (1989). Bottom up vs. basic needs: Integrating conservation and development in the Annapurna and Michiru Mountain Conservation Areas of Nepal and Malawi. Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment, 18(8), 434–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, A., Dasgupta, S., & Bargali, H. S. (2016). Conservation perceptions and attitudes of semi-nomadic pastoralist towards relocation and biodiversity management: A case study of Van Gujjars residing in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 18, 57–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. (2015). Protected area governance and management. In G. L. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, S. Feary, & I. Pulsford (Eds.), Protected area governance and management. Canberra: ANU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karanth, K. K., & Nepal, S. K. (2012). Local residents perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal. Environmental Management, 49, 372–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khadka, D., & Nepal, S. K. (2010). Local responses to participatory conservation in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Environmental Management, 45, 351–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. S., & Bhagwat, S. A. (2010). Protected areas: A resource or constraint for local people? A study at Chitral Gol National Park, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development, 30(1), 14–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korkmaz, M. (2001). Economic analysis of ecotourism activities in forest resources (the Sample of Kızıldağ National Park). Turkish Journal of Forestry, 2, 111–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maikhuri, R. K., Nautiyal, S., Rao, K. S., Chandrasekhar, K., Gavali, R., Saxena, K. G., et al. (2000). Analysis and resolution of protected area–people conflicts in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India. Environmental Conservation, 27, 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeely, J. A., & Miller, K. R. (1984). National parks, conservation, and development: The role of protected areas in sustaining society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, J. N., & Heinen, J. T. (2001). Does community based conservation shape favourable attitudes among locals? An empirical study from Nepal. Environmental Management, 28, 165–177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirasol, F. S., Mirasol, J. M., & Padua, R. N. (2013). Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Mindanao protected areas. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, 4, 204–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, A., & Borad, C. K. (2004). Integrated approach towards conservation of Gir National Park: The last refuge of Asiatic Lions, India. Biodiversity Conservation, 13, 2165–2182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukul, S. A., Rashid, A. M., Quazi, S. A., Uddin, M. B., & Fox, J. (2012). Local peoples’ responses to co-management regime in protected areas: A case study from Satchari National Park, Bangladesh. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 21(1), 16–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nepal, S., & Spiteri, A. (2011). Linking livelihoods and conservation: An examination of local residents’ perceived linkages between conservation and livelihood benefits around Nepal’s Chitwan National Park. Environmental Management, 47, 727–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nepal, S. J., & Weber, K. E. (1995). The quandary of local park–people relations in Nepal’s Royal Chitwan National Park. Environmental Management, 19, 853–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, W. D. (1996). Insularization of Tanzanian Parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology, 10, 1549–1556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, W. D., Leonard, N. L., Sariko, H. I., & Gamassa, D. G. M. (1993). Conservation attitudes of local people living adjacent to five protected areas in Tanzania. Biology Conservation, 63, 177–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özkan, K., & Kantarcı, M. D. (2008). Subregions and site section groups on Beyşehir Watershed. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 2, 123–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlikakis, G. E., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2006). Perceptions and preferences of the local population in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace National Park in Greece. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sah, J. P., & Heinen, J. T. (2001). Wetland resource use and conservation attitudes among indigenous and migrant peoples in Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Nepal. Environmental Conservation, 28, 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkki, S., Rantala, L., & Karjalainen, T. P. (2015). Local people and protected areas: Identifying problems, potential solutions and further research questions. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 14(3), 299–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straede, S., & Helles, F. (2000). Park-people conflict resolution in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Buying time a high cost? Environmental Conservation, 27, 368–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szell, A. B., & Hallett, L. F. (2013). Attitudes and perceptions of local residents and tourists toward the protected area of Retezat National Park, Romania. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(4), 18–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tallarida, R. J., & Murray, R. B. (1987). Duncan multiple range test. Manual of pharmacologic calculations with computer programs (pp. 125–127). New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ting, Z., Shivakoti, G. P., Haiyun, C., & Maddox, D. (2012). Survey-based evaluation of community-based co-management of forest resources: A case study of Baishuijiang National Natural Reserve in China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, 197–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolunay, A., & Akyol, A. (2015). Identify of appropriate biodiversity indicators for ecologically sustainable forest management at national level. Sains Malaysiana, 44(2), 159–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolunay, A., Akyol, A., & Özcan, M. (2008). Usage of trees and forest resources at household level: A case study of Asağı Yumrutaş Village from the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Research Journal of Forestry, 2(1), 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolunay, A., Türkoğlu, T., Elbakidze, M., & Angelstam, P. (2014). Determination of the support level of local organizations in a model forest initiative: Do local stakeholders have willingness to be involved in the model forest development? Sustainability, 6(10), 7181–7196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomicevic, J., Shannon, M. A., & Milovanovic, M. (2010). Socio-economic impacts on the attitudes towards conservation of natural resources: Case study from Serbia. Forest Policy and Economics, 12, 157–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trakolis, D. (2001a). Perceptions, preferences, and reactions of local inhabitants in Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. Environmental Management, 28, 665–676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trakolis, D. (2001b). Local people’s perceptions of planning and management issues in Prespes Lakes National Park, Greece. Journal of Environmental Management, 61, 227–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TUIK. (2014). Selected socio-economic indicators in Isparta, 2013. Turkey Statistical Institute (TUIK), Ankara.

  • Türker, M. F., & Kaygusuz, K. (2001). Investigation of the variables effects on fuelwood consumption as an energy source in forest villages of Turkey. Energy Conservation and Management, 42(10), 1215–1227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ülker, S. (2009). Kızıldağ National Park analytical studies and synthesis report. Isparta: Isparta Nature Protection and National Parks Directorate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedeld, P., Jumane, A., Wapalila, G., & Songorwa, A. (2012). Protected areas, poverty and conflicts a livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 21, 20–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vodouhe, F. G., Coulibaly, O., Adegbidi, A., & Sinsin, B. (2010). Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin. Forest Policy and Economics, 12, 505–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weladji, R. B., Moe, S. R., & Vedeld, P. (2003). Stakeholder attitudes toward wildlife policy and the Benoue Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon. Environmental Conservation, 30, 334–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, M., & McShane, T. O. (2004). Integrating protected area management with local needs and aspirations. Ambio, 33, 513–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, P., Igoe, J., & Brockington, D. (2006). Parks and peoples: The social impact of protected areas. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 251–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilshusen, P. R., Brechin, S. R., Fortwangler, C. L., & West, P. C. (2002). Reinventing a square wheel: Critique of a resurgent “protection paradigm” in international biodiversity conservation. Society and Naturel Resources, 15, 17–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe, R., & Ginsberg, J. R. (1998). Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science, 280, 2126–2128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zube, E. H. (1986). Local & extra-local perceptions of national-parks and protected areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 13, 11–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Forestry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey

    Ayhan Akyol & Ahmet Tolunay

  2. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48800, Muğla, Turkey

    Türkay Türkoğlu

  3. Faculty of Forestry, İstanbul University, 34473, Istanbul, Turkey

    Sultan Bekiroğlu

Authors
  1. Ayhan Akyol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Türkay Türkoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sultan Bekiroğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ahmet Tolunay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ayhan Akyol.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akyol, A., Türkoğlu, T., Bekiroğlu, S. et al. Resident perceptions of livelihood impacts arising from the Kızıldağ National Park, Turkey. Environ Dev Sustain 20, 1037–1052 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9921-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9921-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation