Abstract
Phosphorus (P) inputs are essential for maximizing agronomic potential, yet high P inputs and subsequent P losses can cause eutrophication of water bodies. There is a need to evaluate P contents in agricultural soils globally both from an agronomic and environmental perspective. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled mean levels of P contents of Iran. In this study, data on available and total P contents of Iran’s calcareous soils was compiled (main focus on Olsen P) and compared to (i) estimated Iranian background and global agricultural soil P contents, and (ii) agronomic and (iii) environmentally critical Olsen P values. The pooled mean estimate from the meta-analysis indicates that the levels of Olsen P across 425 soil samples (27 studies) were 21.3 mg kg−1 and total P across 190 soil samples (12 studies) 805.5 mg kg−1. Using 26 mg kg−1 as the agronomic critical Olsen P value above which no increase in crop yield occurs, crops grown on 61% of the soil samples in the investigated region would respond to P fertilizer and 20% of soils are currently in the optimum category (26–45 mg kg−1 Olsen P). The environmentally critical Olsen P value (~ 63 mg kg−1), defined as the amount above which P leaches from soil rapidly, was exceeded by 11% of soils with a further 4% of soils with elevated eutrophication risk. To maximize crop yields while maintaining a minimal risk of P leaching in Iran’s calcareous soils, we suggest an ideal Olsen P of 26 mg kg−1. The outcomes from this study inform about the P status of Iranian soils and could help update recommendations for P fertilizer applications in calcareous soils globally. The framework presented here could further be adopted to evaluate the P status in other soil types.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
Adhami, E., Maftoun, M., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Yasrebi, J., & Assad, M. T. (2006). Inorganic phosphorus fractionation of highly calcareous soils of Iran. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 37, 1877–1888. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620600767116
Adhami, E., Owliaie, H. R., Molavi, R., & Karimain, N. (2014). Distribution of inorganic phosphorus fractions in some soil profiles of Zagros forest of Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60, 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2013.784395
Amarawansha, G., Kumaragamage, D., Flaten, D., Zvomuya, F., & Tenuta, M. (2016). Predicting phosphorus release from anaerobic, alkaline, flooded soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45, 1452–1459. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.05.0221
Antoniadis, V., Koliniati, R., Efstratiou, E., Golia, E., & Petropoulos, S. (2016). Effect of soils with varying degree of weathering and pH values on phosphorus sorption. CATENA, 139, 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.01.008
AsadiRahmani, H., Khavazi, K., JahandidehMahjenAbadi, V. A., Ramezanpour, M. R., Mirzapour, M. H., & Mirzashahi, K. (2018). Effect of Thiobacillus, sulfur, and phosphorus on the yield and nutrient uptake of canola and the chemical properties of calcareous soils in Iran. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49, 1671–1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1474905
Ayoubi, S., Emami, N., Ghaffari, N., Honarjoo, N., & Sahrawat, K. L. (2014). Pasture degradation effects on soil quality indicators at different hillslope positions in a semiarid region of western Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2440-x
Azadi, A., & Baghernejad, M. (2019). Application of kinetic models in describing soil phosphorus release and relation with soil phosphorus fractions across three soil toposequences of calcareous soils. Eurasian Soil Science, 52, 778–792. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229319070019
Bahrami, S., & Ghahraman, K. (2019). Geomorphological controls on soil fertility of semi-arid alluvial fans: A case study of the Joghatay Mountains, Northeast Iran. CATENA, 176, 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.01.016
Bai, Z., Li, H., Yang, X., Zhou, B., Shi, X., Wang, B., Li, D., Shen, J., Chen, Q., Qin, W., & Oenema, O. (2013). The critical soil P levels for crop yield, soil fertility and environmental safety in different soil types. Plant and Soil, 372, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1696-y
Bair, K. E., & Davenport, J. R. (2012). Influence of recent acidification on available phosphorus indices and sorption in Washington State soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76, 515–521. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0265
Barber, S. A. (1995). Soil nutrient bioavailability: A mechanistic approach. 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley.
Bechmann, M. E., & Bøe, F. (2021). Soil tillage and crop growth effects on surface and subsurface runoff, loss of soil, phosphorus and nitrogen in a cold climate. Land, 10, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010077
Bindraban, P. S., Dimkpa, C. O., & Pandey, R. (2020). Exploring phosphorus fertilizers and fertilization strategies for improved human and environmental health. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 56, 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-019-01430-2
Blake, L., Hesketh, N., Fortune, S., & Brookes, P. C. (2002). Assessing phosphorus ‘Change-Points’ and leaching potential by isotopic exchange and sequential fractionation. Soil Use and Management, 18, 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00240.x
Blombäck, K., Bolster, C. H., Lindsjö, A., Hesse, K., Linefur, H., & Parvage, M. M. (2021). Comparing measures for determination of phosphorus saturation as a method to estimate dissolved P in soil solution. Geoderma, 383, 114708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114708
Borenstein, M., Higgins, J. P., Hedges, L. V., & Rothstein, H. R. (2017). Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Research Synthesis Methods, 8, 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1230
Chen, Y., Zhou, T., Zhang, C., Wang, K., Liu, J., Lu, J., & Xu, K. (2015). Rational phosphorus application facilitates the sustainability of the wheat/maize/soybean relay strip intercropping system. PLoS One, 10, e014172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141725
Colomb, B., Debaeke, P., Jouany, C., & Nolot, J. (2007). Phosphorus management in low input stockless cropping systems: Crop and soil responses to contrasting P regimes in a 36-year experiment in southern France. European Journal of Agronomy, 26, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.09.004
Dari, B., Rogers, C. W., Leytem, A. B., & Schroeder, K. L. (2019). Evaluation of soil test phosphorus extractants in Idaho soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 83, 817–824. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.08.0314
Davis, J. G., Davidson, R. D., & Essah, S. Y. C. (2009). Fertilizing potatoes. Pub. 0.541. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State Univ. Extension.
De Pauw, E., Ghaffari, A., & Ghasemi, V. (2004). Agroclimatic zones map of Iran, explanatory notes. ICARDA, Aleppo.
Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P., & Altman, D. G. (2019). Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (eds J.P.T. Higgins, J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. Li, M.J. Page and V.A. Welch). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119536604.ch10
Delmas, M., Saby, N., Arrouays, D., Dupas, R., Lemercier, B., Pellerin, S., & Gascuel-Odoux, C. (2015). Explaining and mapping total phosphorus content in French topsoils. Soil Use and Management, 31, 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12192
DeLuca, T. H., Glanville, H. C., Harris, M., Emmett, B. A., Pingree, M. R., de Sosa, L. L., Cerdá-Moreno, C., & Jones, D. L. (2015). A novel biologically-based approach to evaluating soil phosphorus availability across complex landscapes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 88, 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.05.016
Dhillon, J., Torres, G., Driver, E., Figueiredo, B., & Raun, W. R. (2017). World phosphorus use efficiency in cereal crops. Agronomy Journal, 109, 1670–1677. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.08.0483
Djemel, H., Latati, M., Rebouh, N. Y., & Gérard, F. (2019). Phosphorus acquisition processes in the field: Study of faba bean cultivated on calcareous soils in Algeria. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66, 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1605166
Duminda, D. M. S., Kumaragamage, D., & Indraratne, S. P. (2018). Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to phosphorus fertilizers in two Alfisols with contrasting phosphorus availabilities and sorption capacities. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49, 1218–1228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1455851
Edmeades, D. C., Metherell, A. K., Waller, J. E., Roberts, A. H. C., & Morton, J. D. (2006). Defining the relationships between pasture production and soil P and the development of a dynamic P model for New Zealand pastures: A review of recent developments. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 49, 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2006.9513711
Elbasiouny, H., Elbehiry, F., El-Ramady, H., & Brevik, E. C. (2020). Phosphorus availability and potential environmental risk assessment in alkaline soils. Agriculture, 10, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050172
Elrashidi, M. A., West, L. T., & Smith, C. (2012). Phosphorus availability and release characteristics for irrigated cropland in Afghanistan. Soil Science, 177, 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e318245d12f
Emadodin, I., Narita, D., & Bork, H. R. (2012). Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: An overview from Iran. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9351-y
Eurostat, (2020). Annual crop statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/euros tat/databrowser/view/apro_cpsh1/default/table?lang=en. Accessed 21 June 2022
FAO. (2019). World fertilizer trends and outlook to 2022. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fresne, M., Jordan, P., Fenton, O., Mellander, P. E., & Daly, K. (2021). Soil chemical and fertilizer influences on soluble and medium-sized colloidal phosphorus in agricultural soils. Science of The Total Environment, 754, 142112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142112
Gérard, F. (2016). Clay minerals, iron/aluminum oxides, and their contribution to phosphate sorption in soils—A myth revisited. Geoderma, 262, 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.036
Gerdelidani, A. F., & Hosseini, H. M. (2018). Effects of sugar cane bagasse biochar and spent mushroom compost on phosphorus fractionation in calcareous soils. Soil Research, 56, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR17091
Ghodszad, L., Reyhanitabar, A., & Oustan, S. (2021). Biochar effects on phosphorus sorption-desorption kinetics in soils with dissimilar acidity. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06629-y
Glæsner, N., Kjaergaard, C., Rubæk, G. H., & Magid, J. (2011). Interactions between soil texture and placement of dairy slurry application: II. Leaching of phosphorus forms. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40, 344–351. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0318
Guedes, R. S., Rodríguez-Vila, A., Forján, R., Covelo, E. F., & Fernandes, A. R. (2018). Adsorption and risk of phosphorus loss in soils in Amazonia. Journal of Soils Sediments, 18, 917–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1845-7
Han, Y., White, P. J., & Cheng, L. (2022). Mechanisms for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency in plants. Annals of Botany, 129, 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab145
Heckrath, G., Brookes, P. C., Poulton, P. R., & Goulding, K. W. T. (1995). Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk experiment (Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 904–910). American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.
Hoseini, S., & Gorbani, M. (2005). Economics of soil erosion. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press.
Hosseinpur, A. R., & Ghanee, A. H. (2006). Comparison of iron oxide–impregnated paper strips with other extractants in determining available soil phosphorus. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 37, 889–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620600563648
Hosseinpur, A., & Pashamokhtari, H. (2008). Impact of treated sewage sludge application on phosphorus release kinetics in some calcareous soils. Environmental Geology, 55, 1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1050-x
Hosseinpur, A. R., Kiani, S., & Halvaei, M. (2012). Impact of municipal compost on soil phosphorus availability and mineral phosphorus fractions in some calcareous soils. Environmental Earth Sciences, 67, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1482-1
Hu, Z., Ding, Z., Al-Yasi, H. M., Ali, E. F., Eissa, M. A., Abou-Elwafa, S. F., Sayed, M. A., Said, M. T., Said, A. A., Ibrahim, K. A., & Hamada, A. (2021). Modeling of phosphorus nutrition to obtain maximum yield, high p use efficiency and low P-loss risk for wheat grown in sandy calcareous soils. Agronomy, 11, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101950
Ibrahim, K., Qiong, W., Le, W., Weiwei, Z., Chang, P., & Shuxiang, Z. (2021). Determining the optimum level of soil Olsen phosphorus and phosphorus fertilizer application for high phosphorus-use efficiency in Zea mays L. in black soil. Sustainability, 13, 5983. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115983
Jalali, M. (2006). Soil phosphorous buffer coefficient as influenced by time and rate of P addition. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 52, 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340600560061
Jalali, M. (2007). Phosphorus status and sorption characteristics of some calcareous soils of Hamadan, western Iran. Environmental Geology, 53, 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0652-7
Jalali, M., & Hemati Matin, N. H. (2013). Soil phosphorus forms and their variations in selected paddy soils of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 8557–8565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3195-2
Jalali, M., & Jalali, M. (2016). Relation between various soil phosphorus extraction methods and sorption parameters in calcareous soils with different texture. Science of the Total Environment, 566, 1080–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.133
Jalali, M., & Jalali, M. (2017). Assessment risk of phosphorus leaching from calcareous soils using soil test phosphorus. Chemosphere, 171, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.042
Jalali, M., & Kolahchi, Z. (2008). Groundwater quality in an irrigated, agricultural area of northern Malayer, western Iran. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 80, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9123-5
Jalali, M., & Ranjbar, F. (2013). Transformation kinetics of inorganic P forms in relation to calcareous soil properties of western Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 59, 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2011.646995
Jalali, M., Goharpour, M., & Moharami, S. (2018). Contrasting effects of four plant residues on phosphorus sorption-desorption in some phosphorus fertilized calcareous soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49, 1022–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1448412
Jalali, M., Antoniadis, V., & Najafi, S. (2021). Assessment of trace element pollution in northern and western Iranian agricultural soils: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09498-w
Jalali, M., Jalali, M., Beygi, M., Salehi, Z., & Antoniadis, V. (2023). Available and total phosphorus background levels in soils: A calcareous and semi-arid region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, 600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11175-z
Javid, S., & Rowell, D. L. (2002). A laboratory study of the effect of time and temperature on the decline in Olsen P following phosphate addition to calcareous soils. Soil Use and Management, 18, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00230.x
Johnston, A. E., & Poulton, P. R. (2019). Phosphorus in agriculture: A review of results from 175 years of research at Rothamsted, UK. Journal of Environmental Quality, 48, 1133–1144. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2019.02.0078
Johnston, A. E., Poulton, P. R., & White, R. P. (2013). Plant-available soil phosphorus. Part II: The response of arable crops to Olsen P on a sandy clay loam and a silty clay loam. Soil Use and Management, 29, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00449.x
Johnston, A. E., Poulton, P. R., White, R. P., & Macdonald, A. J. (2016). Determining the longer term decline in plant-available soil phosphorus from short-term measured values. Soil Use and Management, 32, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12253
Karimian, N. (2012). Fertilizer research in Iran: A glance at the past, a guide for the future. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 25, 265–278.
Khanlari, V. Z., & Jalali, M. (2011). Effect of sodium and magnesium on kinetics of phosphorus release in some calcareous soils of Western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 20, 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2011.571315
Kuo, S. (1996). Phosphorus. In: D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 3, Book Series No. 5 (pp 869–919). Madison: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America.
Lemming, C., Oberson, A., Magid, J., Bruun, S., Scheutz, C., Frossard, E., & Jensen, L. S. (2019). Residual phosphorus availability after long-term soil application of organic waste. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 270, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.10.009
Liu, Z., Hou, L., Zhu, Y., & Xu, X. (2021). Vertical distribution and regulation of Olsen-phosphorus in 6-m soil profiles after farmland-to-apple orchard conversion on the Chinese Loess Plateau. CATENA, 202, 105254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105254
Malakouti, M. J., & Gheibi, M. N. (2000). Determination of critical levels of nutrients in soil, plant and fruit for the quality and yield improvements of Iran’s strategic crops. Agricultural education publication.
McDowell, R., Dodd, R., Pletnyakov, P., & Noble, A. (2020). The ability to reduce soil legacy phosphorus at a country scale. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00006
Mehdizade, B., Asadi, H., Shabanpour, M., & Ghadiri, H. (2013). Impact of erosion and tillage on the productivity and quality of selected semiarid soils of Iran. International Agrophysics, 27. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0097-4
Melese, A., Gebrekidan, H., Yli-Halla, M., & Yitaferu, B. (2015). Phosphorus status, inorganic phosphorus forms, and other physicochemical properties of acid soils of Farta district, Northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/748390
Mogollón, J. M., Beusen, A. H. W., Van Grinsven, H. J. M., Westhoek, H., & Bouwman, A. F. (2018). Future agricultural phosphorus demand according to the shared socioeconomic pathways. Global Environmental Change, 50, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.007
Molaeinasab, A., Bashari, H., Mosaddeghi, M. R., & Tarkesh Esfahani, M. (2021). Effects of different vegetation patches on soil functionality in the central Iranian Arid Zone. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21, 1112–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00426-y
Mostashari, M., Muazardalan, M., Karimian, N., Hosseini, H. M., & Rezai, H. (2008). Phosphorus fractions of selected calcareous soils of Qazvin province and their relationships with soil characteristics. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 3, 547–553.
Motesharezadeh, B., Etesami, H., Bagheri-Novair, S., & Amirmokri, H. (2017). Fertilizer consumption trend in developing countries vs. developed countries. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5812-y
Omidvar, K. (2010). Introduction to soil conservation and watershed (2nd ed.). Yazd University Press.
Panagos, P., Muntwyler, A., Liakos, L., Borrelli, P., Biavetti, I., Bogonos, M., & Lugato, E. (2022). Phosphorus plant removal from European agricultural land. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 17, 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-022-01363-3
Piotrowska-Długosz, A., Lemanowicz, J., & Długosz, J. (2020). The spatial pattern and seasonal changes in the soil phosphorus content in relation to the phosphatase activity: A case study of Luvisols. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66, 1583–1597. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1759798
Poulton, P. R., Johnston, A. E., & White, R. P. (2013). Plant-available soil phosphorus. Part I: The response of winter wheat and spring barley to Olsen P on a silty clay loam. Soil Use and Management, 29, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00450.x
Raiesi, F., & Sobhani, S. (2022). Soil phosphorus pools and cycling as affected by changing land-uses in a semi-steppe ecosystem. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 122, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-021-10178-x
Raiesi, T., Hosseinpur, A., & Raiesi, H. (2015). Influence of bean rhizosphere on the biological properties and phosphorus fractionation in the calcareous soils amended with municipal sewage sludge. Journal of Arid Land, 7, 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0010-7
Recena, R., Díaz, I., & Delgado, A. (2017). Estimation of total plant available phosphorus in representative soils from Mediterranean areas. Geoderma, 297, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.02.016
Reda, R., Saffaj, T., Itqiq, S. E., Bouzida, I., Saidi, O., Yaakoubi, K., Lakssir, B., & El Mernissi, N. (2020). Predicting soil phosphorus and studying the effect of texture on the prediction accuracy using machine learning combined with near-infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 242, 118736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118736
Roozitalab, M. H., Toomanian, N., Ghasemi Dehkordi, V. R., & Khormali, F. (2018). Major soils, properties, and classification. In: M. Roozitalab, H. Siadat, & A. Farshad (Eds.), The Soils of Iran. World soils book series. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69048-3_7
Rowell, D. L. (1994). Soil science: Method and application. Longman Group.
Rubæk, G. H., Kristensen, K., Olesen, S. E., Østergaard, H. S., & Heckrath, G. (2013). Phosphorus accumulation and spatial distribution in agricultural soils in Denmark. Geoderma, 209, 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.06.022
Samadi, A. (2003). Predicting phosphate fertilizer requirement using sorption isotherms in selected calcareous soils of western Azarbaijan province. Iran. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 34, 2885–2899. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120025213
Sánchez-Alcalá, I., del Campillo, M. C., & Torrent, J. (2015). Critical Olsen P and CaCl2-P levels as related to soil properties: Results from micropot experiments. Soil Use and Management, 31, 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12184
Sandral, G. A., Price, A., Hildebrand, S. M., Fuller, C. G., Haling, R. E., Stefanski, A., Yang, Z., Culvenor, R. A., Ryan, M. H., Kidd, D. R., & Diffey, S. (2019). Field benchmarking of the critical external phosphorus requirements of pasture legumes for southern Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 70, 1080–1096. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19014
Schwarzer, G. (2007) Meta: An R package for meta-analysis. R News, 7, 40–45.
Sepehr, E., Malakouti, M. J., Khold, B. B., Samadi, A., & Karimian, N. (2009). Genotypic variation in P efficiency of selected Iranian cereals in greenhouse experiment. International Journal of Plant Production, 3, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.22069/IJPP.2012.648
Shakeri, S., Azadi, A., & Saffari, M. (2020). Distribution of phosphorus and the effect of physicochemical properties and clay minerals on phosphorus release in some calcareous soils. Iran Agricultural Research, 39, 79–90.
Shariatmadari, H., Shirvani, M., & Dehghan, R. A. (2007). Availability of organic and inorganic phosphorus fractions to wheat in toposequences of calcareous soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38, 2601–2617. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701662810
Shi, L., & Lin, L. (2019). The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: Practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses. Medicine, 98, 31169736. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015987
Shim, S. R., & Kim, S. J. (2019). Intervention meta-analysis: Application and practice using R software Epidemiol. Health, 41, e2019008. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019008
Shirvani, M., Shariatmadari, H., & Kalbasi, M. (2005). Phosphorus buffering capacity indices as related to soil properties and plant uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28, 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200049235
Simmonds, B. M., McDowell, R. W., Condron, L. M., & Jowett, T. (2015). Potential phosphorus losses from organic and podzol soils: Prediction and the influence of soil physico-chemical properties and management. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 58, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2014.988830
Singh, B. R., Krogstad, T., Shivay, Y. S., Shivakumar, B. G., & Bakkegard, M. (2005). Phosphorus fractionation and sorption in P-enriched soils of Norway. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 73, 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-2650-z
Syers, J.K., Johnston, A.E., & Curtin, D. (2008). Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use: Reconciling changing concepts of soil phosphorus behaviour with agronomic information. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome)
Tandy, S., Hawkins, J. M., Dunham, S. J., Hernandez-Allica, J., Granger, S. J., Yuan, H., McGrath, S. P., & Blackwell, M. S. (2021). Investigation of the soil properties that affect Olsen P critical values in different soil types and impact on P fertiliser recommendations. European Journal of Soil Science, 72, 1802–1816. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13082
Tang, X., Ma, Y., Hao, X., Li, X., Li, J., Huang, S., & Yang, X. (2009). Determining critical values of soil Olsen-P for maize and winter wheat from long-term experiments in China. Plant and Soil, 323, 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9919-y
Thornton, A., & Lee, P. (2000). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Its causes and consequences. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53, 207–216.
van der Bom, F. J., McLaren, T. I., Doolette, A. L., Magid, J., Frossard, E., Oberson, A., & Jensen, L. S. (2019). Influence of long-term phosphorus fertilisation history on the availability and chemical nature of soil phosphorus. Geoderma, 355, 113909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113909
van der Bom, F. J., Kopittke, P. M., Raymond, N. S., Sekine, R., Lombi, E., Mueller, C. W., & Doolette, C. L. (2022). Methods for assessing laterally-resolved distribution, speciation and bioavailability of phosphorus in soils. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/technology, 21, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-021-09602-z
van Rotterdam, A. M. D., Bussink, D. W., Temminghoff, E. J. M., & Van Riemsdijk, W. H. (2012). Predicting the potential of soils to supply phosphorus by integrating soil chemical processes and standard soil tests. Geoderma, 189, 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.07.003
Viechtbauer, W. (2005). Bias and efficiency of meta-analytic variance estimators in the random-effects model. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 30, 261–293. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986030003261
Wang, Y. T., Zhang, T. Q., O’Halloran, I. P., Tan, C. S., Hu, Q. C., & Reid, D. K. (2012). Soil tests as risk indicators for leaching of dissolved phosphorus from agricultural soils in Ontario. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0175
Wang, Y. T., Zhang, T. Q., O’Halloran, I. P., Hu, Q. C., Tan, C. S., Speranzini, D., & Patterson, G. (2015). Agronomic and environmental soil phosphorus tests for predicting potential phosphorus loss from Ontario soils. Geoderma, 241, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.001
Wang, R., Yao, Z., & Lei, Y. (2019). Modeling of soil available phosphorus surplus in an intensive wheat–maize rotation production area of the North China Plain. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 269, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.09.023
Weaver, D., & Summers, R. (2021). Phosphorus status and saturation in soils that drain into the Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary of Western Australia. Soil Research, 59, 699–714. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR20259
White, V. G., Hardie, A. G., & Raath, P. J. (2020). Relationships between commonly-used South African and international soil phosphorus extraction tests on pristine and cultivated soils. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 37, 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2020.1741708
Wu, Q., Zhang, S., Gu, F. E. N. G., Ping, Z. H. U., Huang, S., Boren, W. A. N. G., & Minggang, X. U. (2020). Determining the optimum range of soil Olsen P for high P use efficiency, crop yield, and soil fertility in three typical cropland soils. Pedosphere, 30, 832–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60040-6
Xi, B., Zhai, L. M., Liu, J., Liu, S., Wang, H. Y., Luo, C. Y., Ren, T. Z., & Liu, H. B. (2016). Long-term phosphorus accumulation and agronomic and environmental critical phosphorus levels in Haplic Luvisol soil, northern China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15, 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60947-3
Xue, Q., Lingli, L., Yuanqing, Z., Lingyu, Q., Peibin, D., Xiaoxia, L., Chengliang, S., & Xianyong, L. (2014). Deriving sorption indices for the prediction of potential phosphorus loss from calcareous soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 1564–1571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2045-7
Zak, D., Kronvang, B., Carstensen, M. V., Hoffmann, C. C., Kjeldgaard, A., Larsen, S. E., Audet, J., Egemose, S., Jorgensen, C. A., Feuerbach, P., & Gertz, F. (2018). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff in integrated buffer zones. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 6508–6517. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01036
Zhang, S., Huffman, T., Zhang, X., Liu, W., & Liu, Z. (2014). Spatial distribution of soil nutrient at depth in black soil of Northeast China: A case study of soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus. Journal Soils Sediments, 14, 1775–1789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0935-z
Zheng, Z. M., Zhang, T. Q., Kessel, C., Tan, C. S., O’Halloran, I. P., Wang, Y. T., Speranzini, D., & Van Eerd, L. L. (2015). Approximating phosphorus leaching from agricultural organic soils by soil testing. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 1871–1882. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.05.0211
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Mohsen Jalali: conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, and writing — original draft. Wolfram Buss: data curation, formal analysis, methodology, validation, visualization, and writing — review and editing. Fatemeh Parviznia: investigation and writing — review and editing. Mahdi Jalali: formal analysis, validation, and writing — review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jalali, M., Buss, W., Parviznia, F. et al. The status of phosphorus levels in Iranian agricultural soils — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Monit Assess 195, 842 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11412-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11412-5