Abstract
The occurrence and characterization of marine debris on beaches bring opportunities to track back the anthropogenic activities around shorelines as well as aid in waste management and control. In this study, the three largest beaches in Thanh Hoa (Vietnam) were examined for plastic waste, including macroplastics (≥ 5 mm) on sandy beaches and microplastics (MPs) (< 5 mm) in surface water. Among 3803 items collected on the beaches, plastic waste accounted for more than 98%. The majority of the plastic wastes found on these beaches were derived from fishing boats and food preservation foam packaging. The FT-IR data indicated that the macroplastics comprised 77% polystyrene, 17% polypropylene, and 6% high-density polyethylene, while MPs discovered in surface water included other forms of plastics such as polyethylene- acrylate, styrene/butadiene rubber gasket, ethylene/propylene copolymer, and zein purified. FT-IR data demonstrated that MPs might also be originated from automobile tire wear, the air, and skincare products, besides being degraded from macroplastics. The highest abundance of MPs was 44.1 items/m3 at Hai Tien beach, while the lowest was 15.5 items/m3 at Sam Son beach. The results showed that fragment form was the most frequent MP shape, accounting for 61.4 ± 14.3% of total MPs. MPs with a diameter smaller than 500 μm accounted for 70.2 ± 7.6% of all MPs. According to our research, MPs were transformed, transported, and accumulated due to anthropogenic activities and environmental processes. This study provided a comprehensive knowledge of plastic waste, essential in devising long-term development strategies in these locations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
References
Ahmad, M., Li, J.-L., Wang, P.-D., Hozzein, W. N., & Li, W.-J. (2020). Environmental perspectives of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment: A review. Marine Life Science & Technology, 2(4), 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-020-00056-w
Alkalay, R., Pasternak, G., & Zask, A. (2007). Clean-coast index-A new approach for beach cleanliness assessment. Ocean and Coastal Management, 50(5–6), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.10.002
Almaiman, L., Aljomah, A., Bineid, M., Aljeldah, F. M., Aldawsari, F., Liebmann, B., et al. (2021). The occurrence and dietary intake related to the presence of microplastics in drinking water in Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09132-9
Anthony, C., & Ellik, A. (2009). UNEP/IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter. UNEP.
Aytan, U., Valente, A., Senturk, Y., Usta, R., Esensoy Sahin, F. B., Mazlum, R. E., & Agirbas, E. (2016). First evaluation of neustonic microplastics in Black Sea waters. Marine Environmental Research, 119, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.009
Binetti, U., Silburn, B., Russell, J., van Hoytema, N., Meakins, B., Kohler, P., et al. (2020). First marine litter survey on beaches in Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, South Pacific: Using OSPAR protocol to inform the development of national action plans to tackle land-based solid waste pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161(PA), 111827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111827
Bujaczek, T., Kolter, S., Locky, D., & Ross, M. S. (2021). Characterization of microplastics and anthropogenic fibers in surface waters of the North Saskatchewan River, Alberta, Canada. Facets, 6(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1139/FACETS-2020-0057
Castillo, A. B., Al-Maslamani, I., & Obbard, J. P. (2016). Prevalence of microplastics in the marine waters of Qatar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 111(1–2), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.108
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., & Galloway, T. S. (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(12), 2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
D’Alessandro, M., Esposito, V., Porporato, E. M. D., Berto, D., Renzi, M., Giacobbe, S., et al. (2018). Relationships between plastic litter and chemical pollutants on benthic biodiversity. Environmental Pollution, 242(2018), 1546–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.002
De Falco, F., Di Pace, E., Cocca, M., & Avella, M. (2019). The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x
Di Mauro, R., Kupchik, M. J., & Benfield, M. C. (2017). Abundant plankton-sized microplastic particles in shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Pollution, 230, 798–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.030
Driscoll, S. C., Glassic, H. C., Guy, C. S., & Koel, T. M. (2021). Presence of microplastics in the food web of the largest high-elevation lake in North America. Water, 13(3), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030264
Duong, T. N., Dinh, H. N., Kieu, L. T. C., Emilie, S., Bui, T. M. H., Le, D. C., Nguyen, H. T. & Duong, T. L. (2020). Evaluation of microplastic pollution in the surface water of Bach Dang estuary, Red River system, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 58(6E12), 140–146.
Duong, T. T., Le, P. T., Nguyen, T. N. H., Hoang, T. Q., Ngo, H. M., Doan, T. O., et al. (2022). Selection of a density separation solution to study microplastics in tropical riverine sediment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09664-0
Enrichetti, F., Dominguez-Carrió, C., Toma, M., Bavestrello, G., Canese, S., & Bo, M. (2020). Assessment and distribution of seafloor litter on the deep Ligurian continental shelf and shelf break (NW Mediterranean Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151(January), 110872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110872
Ertaş, A. (2021). Assessment of origin and abundance of beach litter in Homa Lagoon coast, West Mediterranean Sea of Turkey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 249(October 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107114
Faruk Çullu, A., Sönmez, V. Z., & Sivri, N. (2021). Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution. Environmental Pollution, 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115801
Fendall, L. S., & Sewell, M. A. (2009). Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(8), 1225–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025
Franco, A. A., Arellano, J. M., Albendín, G., Rodríguez-Barroso, R., Quiroga, J. M., & Coello, M. D. (2021). Microplastic pollution in wastewater treatment plants in the city of Cádiz: Abundance, removal efficiency and presence in receiving water body. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145795
Freeman, S., Booth, A. M., Sabbah, I., Tiller, R., Dierking, J., Klun, K., et al. (2020). Between source and sea: The role of wastewater treatment in reducing marine microplastics. Journal of Environmental Management, 266(October 2019), 110642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110642
Frias, J. P. G. L., Sobral, P., & Ferreira, A. M. (2010). Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(11), 1988–1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.030
Frias, J., Pagter, E., Nash, R., O’Connor, I., Carretero, O., Filgueiras, A., Viñas, L., Gago, J., Antunes, J., Bessa, F., & Sobral, P. (2018). Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in sediments.
Gall, S. C., & Thompson, R. C. (2015). The impact of debris on marine life. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 92(1–2), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041
Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Espinosa Díaz, L. F., Pereira Cardoso, R., & Costa Muniz, M. (2020). The impact of tourism on marine litter pollution on Santa Marta beaches, Colombian Caribbean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(2), 111558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111558
Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Espinosa, L. F., Costa Muniz, M., Salles Pereira, L. B., & Meigikos dos Anjos, R. (2021). Abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in coastal surface waters of the Colombian Caribbean and Pacific. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13723-x
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (2021). Statistical year book of 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/homepage/
Han, M., Niu, X., Tang, M., Zhang, B. T., Wang, G., Yue, W., et al. (2020). Distribution of microplastics in surface water of the lower Yellow River near estuary. Science of the Total Environment, 707, 135601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135601
Huang, Y., Yan, M., Xu, K., Nie, H., Gong, H., & Wang, J. (2019). Distribution characteristics of microplastics in Zhubi Reef from South China Sea. Environmental Pollution, 255, 113133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113133
Ivar Do Sul, J. A., Costa, M. F., & Fillmann, G. (2014). Microplastics in the pelagic environment around oceanic islands of the western Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 225(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2004-z
Jiang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Yang, F., Chen, M., & Wang, J. (2020). Characterization of microplastics in the surface seawater of the South Yellow Sea as affected by season. Science of the Total Environment, 724, 138375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138375
Jiménez-Skrzypek, G., Hernández-Sánchez, C., Ortega-Zamora, C., González-Sálamo, J., González-Curbelo, M. Á., & Hernández-Borges, J. (2021). Microplastic-adsorbed organic contaminants: Analytical methods and occurrence. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116186
Joana, F., Filipa, B., Vanessa, O., Andrés, B., Paula, S., Claire M., W., et al. (2021). Microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in Antarctica: using penguins as biological samplers. Science of the Total Environment, 147698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147698
Kang, J. H., Kwon, O. Y., Lee, K. W., Song, Y. K., & Shim, W. J. (2015a). Marine neustonic microplastics around the southeastern coast of Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 96(1–2), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.054
Kang, J. H., Kwon, O. Y., & Shim, W. J. (2015b). Potential threat of microplastics to zooplanktivores in the surface waters of the southern sea of Korea. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0210-3
Kanhai, L. D. K., Gårdfeldt, K., Lyashevska, O., Hassellöv, M., Thompson, R. C., & O’Connor, I. (2018). Microplastics in sub-surface waters of the Arctic Central Basin. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 130(October 2017), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.011
Kapukotuwa, R. W. M. G. K., Jayasena, N., Weerakoon, K. C., Abayasekara, C. L., & Rajakaruna, R. S. (2022). High levels of microplastics in commercial salt and industrial salterns in Sri Lanka. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113239
Kaviarasan, T., Naik, S., Sivadas, S. K., Dhineka, K., Sambandam, M., Sivyer, D., et al. (2020). Assessment of litter in the remote beaches of Lakshadweep Islands, Arabian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161(PB), 111760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111760
Kerber, H., & Kramm, J. (2022). From laissez-faire to action? Exploring perceptions of plastic pollution and impetus for action. Insights from Phu Quoc Island. Marine Policy, 137(November 2021), 104924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104924
Kim, J.-S., Lee, H.-J., Kim, S.-K., & Kim, H.-J. (2018). Global pattern of microplastics (MPs) in commercial food-grade salts: Sea salt as an indicator of seawater MP pollution. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(21), 12819–12828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04180
Korshenko, E., Zhurbas, V., Osadchiev, A., & Belyakova, P. (2020). Fate of river-borne floating litter during the flooding event in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in October 2018. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(October), 111678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111678
Kwon, B. G., Amamiya, K., Sato, H., Chung, S. Y., Kodera, Y., Kim, S. K., et al. (2017). Monitoring of styrene oligomers as indicators of polystyrene plastic pollution in the North-West Pacific Ocean. Chemosphere, 180, 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.060
Lim, D. T., Thi, N., Huong, L., Hue, N. T., & Quan, D. T. (2021). Preliminary assessment of marine debris pollution and coastal water quality on some beaches in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 21(3), 329–340.
Lorenz, C., Roscher, L., Meyer, M. S., Hildebrandt, L., Prume, J., Löder, M. G. J., et al. (2019). Spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments and surface waters of the southern North Sea. Environmental Pollution, 252, 1719–1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.093
Ma, X., Zhou, Y., Yang, L., & Tong, J. (2021). A survey of marine coastal litters around zhoushan island, china and their impacts. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020183
Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G., & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-604
Mishra, A. K., Singh, J., & Mishra, P. P. (2021). Microplastics in polar regions: An early warning to the World’s pristine ecosystem. Science of the Total Environment, 784, 147149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147149
Mulochau, T., Lelabousse, C., & Séré, M. (2020). Estimations of densities of marine litter on the fringing reefs of Mayotte (France – South Western Indian Ocean) - Impacts on coral communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(June), 111643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111643
Nachite, D., Maziane, F., Anfuso, G., & Williams, A. T. (2019). Spatial and temporal variations of litter at the Mediterranean beaches of Morocco mainly due to beach users. Ocean and Coastal Management, 179(June), 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104846
Napper, I. E., Baroth, A., Barrett, A. C., Bhola, S., Chowdhury, G. W., Davies, B. F. R., et al. (2021). The abundance and characteristics of microplastics in surface water in the transboundary Ganges River. Environmental Pollution, 274, 116348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116348
Nie, H., Wang, J., Xu, K., Huang, Y., & Yan, M. (2019). Microplastic pollution in water and fish samples around Nanxun Reef in Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 696, 134022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134022
Peter, K., Alexander, T., & Francois, G. (2019). Guidelines for the monitoring and assessment of plastic litter in the ocean. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Retrieved 2022, from http://www.gesamp.org/publications/guidelines-for-the-monitoring-and-assessment-of-plastic-litter-in-the-ocean
Pico, Y., Alfarhan, A., & Barcelo, D. (2019). Nano- and microplastic analysis: Focus on their occurrence in freshwater ecosystems and remediation technologies. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.022. Elsevier B.V.
Rangel-Buitrago, N., Mendoza, A. V., Mantilla-Barbosa, E., Arroyo-Olarte, H., Arana, V. A., Trilleras, J., et al. (2021). Plastic pollution on the Colombian central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 162(November 2020), 111837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111837
Rebelein, A., Int-Veen, I., Kammann, U., & Scharsack, J. P. (2021). Microplastic fibers — Underestimated threat to aquatic organisms? Science of the Total Environment, 777, 146045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146045
Renzi, M., Blašković, A., Bernardi, G., & Russo, G. F. (2018). Plastic litter transfer from sediments towards marine trophic webs: A case study on holothurians. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135(April), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.038
Russell, M., & Webster, L. (2021). Microplastics in sea surface waters around Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 166, 112210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112210
Ryan, P. G. (2015). A brief history of marine litter research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01360
Ryan, P. G., Moore, C. J., Van Franeker, J. A., & Moloney, C. L. (2009). Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1999–2012. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0207
Schröder, K., Kossel, E., & Lenz, M. (2021). Microplastic abundance in beach sediments of the Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, (Thompson 2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12220-x
Scopetani, C., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., & Esterhuizen-Londt, M. (2019). Assessment of microplastic pollution: Occurrence and characterisation in Vesijärvi lake and Pikku Vesijärvi pond, Finland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7843-z
Sigler, M. (2014). The effects of plastic pollution on aquatic wildlife: Current situations and future solutions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 225(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6
Sivadas, S. K., Mishra, P., Kaviarasan, T., Sambandam, M., Dhineka, K., Murthy, M. V. R., et al. (2022). Litter and plastic monitoring in the Indian marine environment: A review of current research, policies, waste management, and a roadmap for multidisciplinary action. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113424. Elsevier Ltd.
Smith, M., Love, D. C., Rochman, C. M., & Neff, R. A. (2018). Microplastics in Seafood and the Implications for Human Health. Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(3), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0206-z
Suteja, Y., Atmadipoera, A. S., Riani, E., Nurjaya, I. W., Nugroho, D., & Cordova, M. R. (2021). Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastic in surface water of tropical estuary: Case study in Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163(January), 111979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111979
Terzi, Y., Erüz, C., & Özşeker, K. (2020). Marine litter composition and sources on coasts of south-eastern Black Sea: A long-term case study. Waste Management, 105, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.032
Tien, C. J., Wang, Z. X., & Chen, C. S. (2020). Microplastics in water, sediment and fish from the Fengshan River system: Relationship to aquatic factors and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fish. Environmental Pollution, 265, 114962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114962
Tran Nguyen, Q. A., Nguyen, H. N. Y., Strady, E., Nguyen, Q. T., Trinh-Dang, M., & Vo, V. M. (2020). Characteristics of microplastics in shoreline sediments from a tropical and urbanized beach (Da Nang, Vietnam). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161(July), 111768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111768
Truong, H. D., Luu, V. D., Nguyen, D. T., Le, V. D., Le, T. K. L., Tran, D. Q., & Nguyen, T. T. (2020). Composition and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of Tien Yen Bay, Quang Ninh, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 719(11), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.36335/vnjhm.2020(719).14-25
Turner, A. (2020). Foamed polystyrene in the marine environment: Sources, additives, transport, behavior, and impacts. Environmental Science and Technology, 54(17), 10411–10420. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03221
Uheida, A., Mejía, H. G., Abdel-Rehim, M., Hamd, W., & Dutta, J. (2021). Visible light photocatalytic degradation of polypropylene microplastics in a continuous water flow system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 406(August 2020), 124299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124299
van Hoytema, N., Bullimore, R. D., Al Adhoobi, A. S., Al-Khanbashi, M. H., Whomersley, P., & Le Quesne, W. J. F. (2020). Fishing gear dominates marine litter in the Wetlands Reserve in Al Wusta Governorate, Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159(May), 111503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111503
Veerasingam, S., Al-Khayat, J. A., Aboobacker, V. M., Hamza, S., & Vethamony, P. (2020). Sources, spatial distribution and characteristics of marine litter along the west coast of Qatar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159(June), 111478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111478
Verlis, K. M., & Wilson, S. P. (2020). Paradise Trashed: Sources and solutions to marine litter in a small island developing state. Waste Management, 103, 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.020
Vlachogianni, T., Fortibuoni, T., Ronchi, F., Zeri, C., Mazziotti, C., Tutman, P., et al. (2018). Marine litter on the beaches of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas: An assessment of their abundance, composition and sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131(March), 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.006
Wang, X., Bolan, N., Tsang, D. C. W., Sarkar, B., Bradney, L., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of microplastics aggregation in aquatic environment: Influence factors, analytical methods, and environmental implications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 402(July 2020), 123496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123496
Wu, X., Zhao, X., Chen, R., Liu, P., Liang, W., Wang, J., et al. (2022). Wastewater treatment plants act as essential sources of microplastic formation in aquatic environments: A critical review. Water Research, 221, 118825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118825
Yukioka, S., Tanaka, S., Nabetani, Y., Suzuki, Y., Ushijima, T., Fujii, S., et al. (2020). Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in surface road dust in Kusatsu (Japan), Da Nang (Vietnam), and Kathmandu (Nepal). Environmental Pollution, 256, 113447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113447
Zablotski, Y., & Kraak, S. B. M. (2019). Marine litter on the Baltic seafloor collected by the international fish-trawl survey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 141(October 2018), 448–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.014
Zhang, W., Zhang, S., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Mu, J., Wang, P., et al. (2017). Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China. Environmental Pollution, 231, 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.058
Zhang, W., Zhang, S., Zhao, Q., Qu, L., Ma, D., & Wang, J. (2020). Spatio-temporal distribution of plastic and microplastic debris in the surface water of the Bohai Sea, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 158(July), 111343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111343
Zhang, Y., Gao, T., Kang, S., Allen, S., Luo, X., & Allen, D. (2021). Microplastics in glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence for the long-range transport of microplastics. Science of the Total Environment, 758, 143634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143634
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology under the grand number VAST06.03/20-21, QTRU02.03/21-22, and CSCL10.03/22-22.
Nguyen Quang Bac was funded by Vingroup JSC and supported by the Master, PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Institute of Big Data, code VINIF.2021.TS.101.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Dao Dinh Cham: conceptualization, methodology, project administration. Duong Thi Lim: formal analysis, validation, supervision. Nguyen Thi Huong Thuy: investigation, resources. Nguyen Thi Hue: data curation, resources. Nguyen Thi Lan Huong: funding acquisition, writing original draft. Nguyen Thi Huong Thuy: data curation, resources. Dang Tran Quan: data collection, analysis. Dao Ngoc Nhiem: investigation, resources, visualization. Pham Ngoc Chuc: data collection, analysis. Nguyen Thi Ha Chi: data curation, resources. Duong Cong Dien: data collection, methodology, software. Bui Thi Thu: data collection, analysis. Nguyen Quang Bac: visualization, writing – review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dao, C.D., Duong, L.T., Nguyen, T.H.T. et al. Plastic waste in sandy beaches and surface water in Thanh Hoa, Vietnam: abundance, characterization, and sources. Environ Monit Assess 195, 255 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10868-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10868-1