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Assessment of potential variability of cadmium and copper trace metals using hindcast estimates

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Abstract

Trace metals are vital to primary productivity and play an essential role as main components in regulating oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Dissolved and particulate trace metals within the water column may vary due to primary production, temperature, and nutrient changes, factors that may also vary spatially and temporally. Furthermore, assessment of trace metals mainly relies on in situ observation, and so wide-area investigation of trace-metal concentration may be challenging and subject to technical constraints. A specific approach is therefore necessary that combines biogeochemical proxies, satellite data, and trace-metal linear correlation. This study aims to assess the potential spatio-temporal variability of sea surface cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) concentrations in Indonesian seas and surrounding areas. The correlations of Cd and Cu concentrations with primary production and nutrient data were used to convert hindcast satellite data into estimates of the metals’ concentrations. The potential variability of trace metals can be determined by overlaying both data. Indonesia’s Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) were used for data clustering and analysis. The results show that Cd and Cu trace metals have similar distribution patterns throughout the year. However, dissolved Cu has a more diverse coverage area than dissolved Cd, including within the Halmahera, Seram, and Maluku Seas (FMAs 716 and 717), the Makassar Strait (FMA 717), and the Java–Sumatra upwelling area (FMA 573). Both Cd and Cu concentrations in the Java–Sumatra upwelling region follow the periodic upwelling pattern. Overall, both Cd and Cu show a declining trend in concentration from 2012 to 2019. It is estimated that dissolved Cd concentration declined from 1500–2000 pmol/kg in 2012 to 1000–1500 pmol/kg in 2019 for all locations. Dissolved Cu concentration decreased from 30–35 nmol/kg in 2012 to 25–30 nmol/kg in 2019. Estimated dissolved Cd and Cu follow the linear functions of silicate (SiO4), nitrate (NO3), and primary productivity. The fluctuation of anthropogenic activities and global warming are likely to indirectly impact the decline in metal concentrations by affecting nutrients and primary productivity.

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Availability of data and material

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

Code sharing is not applicable for this article as no codes were generated or analyzed during the study.

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Acknowledgements

Sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration data were obtained from NASA Ocean Color Data (https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/). Nutrient data, i.e., nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), and silicate (SiO4), were obtained from E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (https://marine.copernicus.eu/). Primary production data were obtained from Oregon State University (http://orca.science.oregonstate.edu/1080.by.2160.monthly.hdf.cbpm2.m.php).

Funding

The study was partially funded by LIPI’s COREMAP-CTI 2021–2022 (grant number 17/A/DK/2021), received by L and H. This article is also a contribution to the LIPI-JSPS joint research project funding (ID: JPJSBP120198201) granted to AJW.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (Formerly Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia

    Lestari Lestari, Harmesa Harmesa, Edwards Taufiqurrahman, Fitri Budiyanto & A’an Johan Wahyudi

  2. Marine Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Fitri Budiyanto

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  1. Lestari Lestari
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  2. Harmesa Harmesa
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  3. Edwards Taufiqurrahman
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Contributions

All authors contributed equally to this study and are considered primary contributors. A’an J. Wahyudi: conceptualization, supervision, visualization, resources, writing the initial draft, reviewing and editing, funding acquisition; Lestari: conceptualization, investigation, validation, resources, writing the initial draft, funding acquisition; Harmesa: conceptualization, investigation, validation, resources, formal analysis, writing the initial draft, funding acquisition; Edwards Taufiqurrahman: investigation, formal analysis, validation, resources, visualization; Fitri Budiyanto: investigation, validation, resources, data curation, writing, reviewing and editing.

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Correspondence to A’an Johan Wahyudi.

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Lestari, L., Harmesa, H., Taufiqurrahman, E. et al. Assessment of potential variability of cadmium and copper trace metals using hindcast estimates. Environ Monit Assess 193, 705 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09501-4

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