Abstract
Sediments from Lake Mariut, Egypt, after its rehabilitation, and its anoxic diverted polluted drains were subjected to five sequential steps to define different geochemical fractions of eight studied metals. Results cleared out that 30–50% of its total Cd and total Co contents are easily bioavailable with a high-risk assessment code (RAC) to enter the food chain in the lake basin. Whereas Cu and Fe are safe and the remaining studied metals, i.e., Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cr are of medium risk for the environment. Individual contamination factor (ICF) is high (> 6) for all the studied metals except for Fe and Cu which are tightly held in sediments confirming their safeness to biota. Cadmium accounted for > 94% of the total risk in the study area. Metal pollution loading (MPL) from the sediments was found in the order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Co > Cd.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ∑TU:
-
Sum of all toxicity units
- EWWTP:
-
East wastewater treatment plant
- GCF:
-
Global contamination factor
- ICF:
-
Individual contamination factor
- LM:
-
Lake Mariut
- LMMB:
-
Lake Mariut Main Basin
- MPL:
-
Metal pollution loading
- MRI:
-
Modified Risk Index
- OC:
-
Organic carbon
- PEC:
-
Probable effect concentration
- QD:
-
Qalaa drain
- RAC:
-
Risk Assessment Code
- RI:
-
Potential ecological risk
- TEC:
-
Threshold effect concentration
- TRI:
-
Toxic Risk Index
- TU:
-
Toxic unit
- UD:
-
Umum Drain
- UDds:
-
Downstream of Umum Drain
- WWWTP:
-
West wastewater treatment plant
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Highlights
• Geochemical forms of metals in sediments of Lake Mariut (Egypt) were measured.
• Toxicity, mobility, and source of metals were evaluated using multiple approaches.
• Cadmium was easily bioavailable and accounted for > 94% of total risk in the study area.
• MPL in sediment was found in the order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Co > Cd.
• Most of all studied metals were in the non-detrital part, and Fe was mainly residual.
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Shaaban, N.A., Shreadah, M.A., El-Rayis, O.A. et al. Metal bioavailability, toxicity, and ecological risk due to sediments of a lately rehabilitated lake (Mariut, Egypt). Environ Monit Assess 193, 450 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09226-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09226-4