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Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination and associated human exposure risk at municipal waste dumping sites

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Abstract

The reports concerning the occurrence and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping sites are scarce, and considering the Indian context, no study has been conducted to assess PBDE contamination at MSW dumping sites and associated exposure and health risk. Therefore, in the present study, the concentration of PBDE congeners was investigated in soil samples amassed from MSW dumping sites of India and the factors affecting the dissemination of different PBDE congeners in soil were evaluated. Also, the human exposure and health risk through soil intake and dermal contact were also evaluated the first time in India. The total PBDE concentrations from tri- to deBDE congeners in soil ranged from 6.81 to 33.67 μg/g dw and showed a trend towards higher levels of PBDEs in the dumping sites of more populous cities. BDE 183 was found to be the main congener in the soil of the dumping sites. The congener profile in the soil exhibited the composition of the octa- and deBDE technical mixture and possibilities of biological and photodegradation of deBDE into lower brominated congeners. A significant correlation was observed between the measures of BDE 183 and BDE 209 congeners and carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents of the soil. The measured exposure doses of PBDEs through soil intake and dermal contact and the hazard index was estimated higher in children as compared to adults, which indicates the increased risk and susceptibility of infants and children to PBDE exposure. The results of the present study revealed that the MSW dumping sites in India are a sink of PBDEs and might have detrimental effects on human health.

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Acknowledgements

The first author, Sonam Paliya, is thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for awarding Rajiv Gandhi Fellowship to work at CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India.

Funding

Funding for this study was obtained from the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship to work at CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India.

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  1. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India

    Sonam Paliya, Ashootosh Mandpe, Manukonda Suresh Kumar, Sunil Kumar & Rakesh Kumar

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India

    Sonam Paliya, Ashootosh Mandpe, Manukonda Suresh Kumar & Sunil Kumar

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453 552, India

    Ashootosh Mandpe

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SP took part in conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, and writing and preparing the original draft. AM and SK contributed to writing, review and editing. M. SK, SK and RK were involved in resources. M. SK and SK carried out supervision.

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Paliya, S., Mandpe, A., Kumar, M.S. et al. Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination and associated human exposure risk at municipal waste dumping sites. Environ Geochem Health 44, 4437–4453 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01208-w

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