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Flexibility of life to survive limitations: oral disc forms in the Tashan Cave barb Garra tashanensis

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Abstract

In this study, we analyzed nuclear DNA (nDNA) variation by means of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) of three disc-bearing and seven non-disc-bearing Garra tashanensis from the Tashan Cave in Iran to clarify their systematic and ecological relationships. We performed genetic differentiation, NeighborNet, Admixture, and principal component analyses on genomic data. Admixture and principal component analyses revealed clear genetic differentiation between disc-bearing and non-disc-bearing morphotypes, which was not detected by mtDNA markers in previous work. However, there was a non-disc-bearing individual that clustered with disc-bearing individuals. Based on the results of this study, the most parsimonious justification for coexistence of disc-bearing and non-disc-bearing forms of Garra in Tashan Cave is a combination of mechanisms similar to character release (intra-specific morphological diversification to exploit a wider range of habitats in the absence of competitors or predators) and relaxed selection (no more selective advantage for a previously advantageous trait as a result of ecological changes). The detected genetic structure may be an indication of reproductive isolation between the two groups. These data imply that the respective forms of the Tashan Cave barb could be a case of ongoing sympatric speciation, but also that disc form cannot be used as a taxonomic character for Tashan Cave barb forms.

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Data availability

Genomic data are available with request.

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Acknowledgements

This work is dedicated to Mr. Tayeb Hashemzadeh Segherloo and Mesdames Madeleine Drouin and Böyük-Khanim Ahmadi Segherloo. The authors thank Farokh Shirali of the Behbahan Bureau of Environment and Mohammad Taromi of the Qazvin Kavoshgaran Caving Club, who assisted the authors with sampling. We also thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on a previous version of our manuscript. This work was supported by a NSERC (Canada) Discovery grant (http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca) to Louis Bernatchez, grant number 688MIGRD94 to Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo by ShahreKord University (www.sku.ac.ir), and the University of Basrah. Sampling procedures comply with the current laws of Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahr-e-Kord University, Shahr-e-Kord, Iran

    Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo & Sajad Najafi Chaloshtory

  2. Institut de Biologie Integrative et des Systemes (IBIS), Universite Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo, Eric Normandeau & Louis Bernatchez

  3. Department of Marine Biology, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

    Amaal Gh. Yasser & Murtada D. Naser

  4. School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia

    Amaal Gh. Yasser & Murtada D. Naser

  5. Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Murtada D. Naser

  6. Radpa Mountaineering and Rock Climbing Club, Khuzestan, Iran

    Amirhossein Mashtizadeh

  7. Iranian Environment Organization, Tehran and Khuzestan provinces, Iran

    Amirmohammad Elmi, Omid Sedighi & Alieh Changizi

  8. Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Eric Hallerman

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  1. Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Iraj Hashemzadeh Segherloo or Amaal Gh. Yasser.

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The ethical aspects and procedures applied in this research were approved under ethical code no IR.SKU.REC.1401.048 by the research ethics committee of ShahreKord University.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Hashemzadeh Segherloo, I., Najafi Chaloshtory, S., Yasser, A.G. et al. Flexibility of life to survive limitations: oral disc forms in the Tashan Cave barb Garra tashanensis. Environ Biol Fish 106, 2083–2092 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-023-01475-1

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