Abstract
While augmented reality (AR) technology has shown the potential to facilitate students’ hands-on activities, few studies have explored its effectiveness in acoustic topics. This paper introduces an AR-based application for learning about the Doppler effect and investigates its educational effectiveness on students’ learning achievement, interest, and attitude compared to a two-dimensional (2D) learning tool. Eighty-five junior high school students participated in our study, and they were randomly assigned to two groups (AR: n = 44, 2D: n = 41). The results revealed that students in the AR group outperformed those in the 2D group in terms of their learning achievement and interest. Both groups showed positive attitude toward the Doppler class and physics learning. Moreover, students presented a high level of cognitive perception toward the AR learning tool. This study provides a case for the application of AR in acoustics learning.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The collected and analyzed data during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Ajzen, I. (1998). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Dorsey Press.
Akçayır, M., Akçayır, G., Pektaş, H. M., & Ocak, M. A. (2016). Augmented reality in science laboratories: The effects of augmented reality on university students’ laboratory skills and attitudes toward science laboratories. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.054.
Álvarez-Marín, A., Velázquez-Iturbide, J., & Castillo-Vergara, M. (2021). The acceptance of augmented reality in engineering education: The role of technology optimism and technology innovativeness. Interactive Learning Environments, 0(0), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1928710.
Andrade, E. (1959). da C. Doppler and the Doppler effect. Endeavour, 18(69), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(59)90111-5.
Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355–385. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355.
Beck, D., Morgado, L., Lee, M., Gutl, C., Dengel, A., Wang, M., Warren, S., & Richter, J. (2021). Towards an immersive learning knowledge tree - A conceptual framework for mapping knowledge and tools in the field. Proceedings of 2021 7th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network ILRN 2021. https://doi.org/10.23919/iLRN52045.2021.9459338.
Bergin, D. A. (2016). Social Influences on interest. Educational Psychologist, 51(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2015.1133306.
Best, V., Baumgartner, R., Lavandier, M., Majdak, P., & Kopčo, N. (2020). Sound externalization: A review of recent research. Trends in Hearing, 24, 233121652094839. https://doi.org/10.1177/2331216520948390.
Breckler, S. J. (1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1191.
Bressler, D. M., & Bodzin, A. M. (2013). A mixed methods assessment of students’ flow experiences during a mobile augmented reality science game. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(6), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12008.
Bryant, F. B., Kastrup, H., Udo, M., Hislop, N., Shefner, R., & Mallow, J. (2013). Science anxiety, Science Attitudes, and Constructivism: A binational study. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 22(4), 432–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-012-9404-x.
Buchner, J., Buntins, K., & Kerres, M. (2022). The impact of augmented reality on cognitive load and performance: A systematic review. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(1), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12617.
Bujak, K. R., Radu, I., Catrambone, R., Macintyre, B., Zheng, R., & Golubski, G. (2013). A psychological perspective on augmented reality in the mathematics classroom. Computers & Education, 68, 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.017.
Cai, S., Wang, X., & Chiang, F. K. (2014). A case study of augmented reality simulation system application in a chemistry course. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.018.
Cai, S., Chiang, F. K., Sun, Y., Lin, C., & Lee, J. J. (2017). Applications of augmented reality-based natural interactive learning in magnetic field instruction. Interactive Learning Environments, 25(6), 778–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2016.1181094.
Cai, S., Liu, E., Shen, Y., Liu, C., Li, S., & Shen, Y. (2020). Probability learning in mathematics using augmented reality: Impact on student’s learning gains and attitudes. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(5), 560–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1696839.
Cai, S., Liu, C., Wang, T., Liu, E., & Liang, J. (2021). Effects of learning physics using augmented reality on students’ self-efficacy and conceptions of learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13020.
Cai, S., Jiao, X., Li, J., Jin, P., Zhou, H., & Wang, T. (2022). Conceptions of Learning Science among Elementary School students in AR Learning Environment: A case study of “The Magic Sound. Sustainability, 14(11), 6783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116783.
Çetin, H., & Türkan, A. (2021). The Effect of Augmented reality based applications on achievement and attitude towards science course in distance education process. Education and Information Technologies, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10625-w.
Chen, S. Y., & Liu, S. Y. (2020). Using augmented reality to experiment with elements in a chemistry course. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106418.
Cheng, K. H. (2017). Reading an augmented reality book: An exploration of learners’ cognitive load, motivation, and attitudes. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(4), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.2820.
Chu, H. C., Hwang, G. J., Tsai, C. C., & Tseng, J. C. R. (2010). A two-tier test approach to developing location-aware mobile learning systems for natural science courses. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1618–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.004.
Church, L., & Marasoiu, M. (2019). What can we learn from systems? Proceedings of the Conference Companion of the 3rd International Conference on Art Science and Engineering of Programming, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1145/3328433.3328460.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. In Academic press., & Routledge (1988). https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134742707.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of Use, and user Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008.
De Jong, T., Linn, M. C., & Zacharia, Z. C. (2013). Physical and virtual laboratories in science and engineering education. Science, 340(6130), 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230579.
Dewey, J. (1913). Interest and effort in education. Houghton Mifflin Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/14633-000.
Doll, T. M., Migneco, R., & Kim, Y. E. (2009). Web-based sound and music games with activities for STEM education. 1st International IEEE Consumer Electronic Society’s Games Innovation Conference, ICE-GiC 09, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEGIC.2009.5293606.
Fahy, F. (2001). The Nature of Sound and Some Sound Wave Phenomena. In Foundations of Engineering Acoustics (pp. 6–22). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012247665-5/50003-5.
Fidan, M., & Tuncel, M. (2019). Integrating augmented reality into problem based learning: The effects on learning achievement and attitude in physics education. Computers & Education, 142, 103635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103635.
Field, J. (2013). Cognitive validity: new insights for language testing and instruction.
Garzón, J., & Acevedo, J. (2019). Meta-analysis of the impact of augmented reality on students’ learning gains. Educational Research Review, 27, 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.04.001.
Giménez, M. H., Vidaurre, A., Riera, J., & Monsoriu, J. A. (2008). Visualizing the Doppler Effect. Latin-American Journal of Physics Education, 2(1), 37–39. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.physics/0702036.
Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a Mental Resource for Learning. Review of Educational Research, 60(4), 549. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170506.
Huang, F., Zhou, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, Z., & Du, S. (2011). Piano AR: A Markerless Augmented Reality Based Piano Teaching System. 2011 Third International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, 2, 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/IHMSC.2011.82.
Hulleman, C. S., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2009). Promoting interest and performance in high school science classes. Science, 326(5958), 1410–1412. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177067.
Hwang, G. J., & Chang, H. F. (2011). A formative assessment-based mobile learning approach to improving the learning attitudes and achievements of students. Computers & Education, 56(4), 1023–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.12.002.
Johnson, D., Damian, D., & Tzanetakis, G. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of mixed reality music instrument learning with the theremin. Virtual Reality, 24(2), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-019-00388-8.
Kapici, H. O., Akcay, H., & de Jong, T. (2020). How do different laboratory environments influence students’ attitudes toward science courses and laboratories? Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 52(4), 534–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2020.1750075.
Kollar, I., Fischer, F., & Slotta, J. D. (2007). Internal and external scripts in computer-supported collaborative inquiry learning. Learning and Instruction, 17(6), 708–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.021.
Lai, A. F., Chen, C. H., & Lee, G. Y. (2019). An augmented reality-based learning approach to enhancing students’ science reading performances from the perspective of the cognitive load theory. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12716.
Lazoudis, A., Salmi, H., & Sotiriou, S. (2011). The “Science Center To Go” project. In Augmented Reality in Education. http://www.ea.gr/ep/scetgo/materials/sctgo_proceedings_low.pdf#page=9.
LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about Interrater Reliability and Interrater Agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 815–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106296642.
Lee, I. J., Chen, C. H., & Chang, K. P. (2016). Augmented reality technology combined with three-dimensional holography to train the mental rotation ability of older adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.014.
Lin, C. P., Wong, L. H., & Shao, Y. J. (2012). Comparison of 1:1 and 1:M CSCL environment for collaborative concept mapping. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 28(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00421.x.
Liu, Q., Yu, S., Chen, W., Wang, Q., & Xu, S. (2021). The effects of an augmented reality based magnetic experimental tool on students’ knowledge improvement and cognitive load. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(3), 645–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12513
Mayer, R. E. (2002). Multimedia learning. Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory. https://doi.org/10.5926/arepj1962.41.0_27.
Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (1999). Cognitive principles of multimedialearning: The role of modality and contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 358–368.
Mei, B., & Yang, S. (2021). Chinese pre-service music Teachers’ perceptions of augmented reality-assisted musical instrument learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(February), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609028.
Miesenberger, K., Edler, C., Heumader, P., & Petz, A. (2019). Tools and Applications for Cognitive Accessibility. In Y. Yesilada & S. Harper (Eds.), Web Accessibility: A Foundation for Research (pp. 523–546). Springer London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-7440-0_28.
Ministry of Education of the People’s Public of China (2022). Compulsory Education Curriculum Programme and Curriculum Standards. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A26/s8001/202204/t20220420_619921.html.
Mosabala, M. S. (2014). The teaching of Doppler Effect at Grade 12- teacher’s content knowledge. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(14), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n14p207.
Palmer, D. H. (2009). Student interest generated during an inquiry skills lesson. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20263.
Radu, I., & Schneider, B. (2019). What Can We Learn from Augmented Reality (AR)? Benefits and Drawbacks of AR for Inquiry-based Learning of Physics. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300774.
Rossing, T. D., Moore, R. F., & Wheeler, P. A. (2013). The Science of Sound: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed.
Sahin, D., & Yilmaz, R. M. (2020). The effect of Augmented Reality Technology on middle school students’ achievements and attitudes towards science education. Computers & Education, 144(September 2019), 103710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103710.
Sakkal, A., & Martin, L. (2019). Learning to rock: The role of prior experience and explicit instruction on learning and transfer in a music videogame. Computers and Education, 128(June 2018), 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.10.007.
Salmi, H., Thuneberg, H., & Vainikainen, M. P. (2017). Making the invisible observable by augmented reality in informal science education context. International Journal of Science Education Part B: Communication and Public Engagement, 7(3), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548455.2016.1254358.
Shen, B., Chen, A., & Guan, J. (2007). Using achievement goals and interest to Predict Learning in Physical Education. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(2), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.2.89-108.
Sırakaya, M., & Alsancak Sırakaya, D. (2020). Augmented reality in STEM education: A systematic review. Interactive Learning Environments, 4820(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1722713.
Sweller, J. (2010). Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 22(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9128-5.
Tai, K., Hong, J., Tsai, C., Lin, C., & Hung, Y. H. (2022). Virtual reality for car-detailing skill development: Learning outcomes of procedural accuracy and performance quality predicted by VR self-efficacy, VR using anxiety, VR learning interest and flow experience. Computers & Education, 182(January), 104458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104458.
Thees, M., Kapp, S., Strzys, M. P., Beil, F., Lukowicz, P., & Kuhn, J. (2020). Effects of augmented reality on learning and cognitive load in university physics laboratory courses. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106316.
Thees, M., Altmeyer, K., Kapp, S., Rexigel, E., Beil, F., Klein, P., Malone, S., Brünken, R., & Kuhn, J. (2022). Augmented reality for presenting Real-Time Data during Students’ Laboratory Work: Comparing a head-mounted Display with a separate Display. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(March), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804742.
Tomara, M., & Gouscos, D. (2019). A case study: Visualizing Coulomb Forces with the aid of augmented reality. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(7), 1626–1642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119854023.
Wang, C., & Yu, S. (2023). Tablet-to-student ratio matters: Learning performance and mental experience of collaborative inquiry. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 55(4), 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.2015018
Winke, P., Lee, S., Ahn, J. I., Choi, I., Cui, Y., & Yoon, H. J. (2018). The Cognitive Validity of Child English Language Tests: What Young Language Learners and Their Native-Speaking Peers Can Reveal. TESOL Quarterly, 52(2), 274–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.396.
Yaghoub Mousavi, S., Low, R., & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation modes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.87.2.319.
Yu, S., Liu, Q., Ma, J., Le, H., & Ba, S. (2022). Applying Augmented reality to enhance physics laboratory experience: does learning anxiety matter? Interactive Learning Environments, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2057547
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the China Scholarship Council (No. 202106770025), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 2022YBZZ025), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62277021), and Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 22YJAZH067).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
There is no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J. et al. Integrating augmented reality into acoustics learning and examining its effectiveness: a case study of Doppler effect. Educ Inf Technol 29, 6319–6340 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12091-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12091-y