Abstract
Core countries, such as the United States, have created economic and trade policies which encourage Latino migration for cheap, exploitable labor and new demands for Latino sex trafficking within the United States to serve new destination male migration communities. This theory-building exercise utilizes world system and intersectional theoretical frameworks to examine the implications of geo-political policies and unequal development on lived experience affected by the intersection of massive Latino migration; poverty; gender inequalities and vulnerabilities; and Latino sex trafficking. A feminist political economy theoretical analysis is essential to a more sophisticated understanding of the historical socio- and geo-political effects of hegemonic modern world system core policies on new destination Latino migration and the lives of Latina women trafficked for sexual exploitation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This partiular case was studied as a part of my dissertation research focusing on the social construction of Latino sex trafficking in new destination areas of the United States, which was submitted August 2014.
In 2006, the Government Accountability Office [27] released a report critiquing the methods used by the US government and non-government agencies to measure the number of victims of sex trafficking both nationally and internationally and the accuracy of the statistics which resulted from these methods. Also, I agree with Feingold (2010) in his characterization that determining to extent of any number of ‘underground trades’ is difficult and care should be taken to not accept these statistics as inalienable facts and further mischaracterizations of these crimes. It is important though that researchers continue to refine research techniques to gather a better picture of the extent of sex trafficking.
References
Aas, K. F. (2007). Globalization and crime. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Acharya, A. K. (2006). International migration and trafficking of Mexican women into the United States. In K. Beeks & D. Amir (Eds.), Trafficking and the global sex industry. New York: Lexington.
Agustín, L. (2006). The disappearing of a migration category: Migrants who sell sex. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(1), 29–47.
Ansley, F. (1993). Standing rusty and rolling empty: Law, poverty and America’s eroding industrial base. Georgetown Law Journal, 81, 1757–1896.
Bean, F.D. & Cushing, R.G. (2006). The relationship between the Mexican economic crisis and illegal migration to the United States. Retrieved from: http://lanic.utexas.edu/cswht/paper5.html
Brick, K., Challinor, A. E., & Rosenblum, M. R. (2011). Mexican and Central American immigrants in the United States. Washington: Migration Policy Institute.
Cabezas, A. L., Ortiz, D., & Valencia, S. (2009). Latinas, sex work, and trafficking in the United States. In M. Asencio (Ed.), Latina/o sexualities: Probing powers, passions, practices, and policies. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.
Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2003). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chase-Dunn, C., Kawano, Y., & Brewer, B. (2000). Trade globalization since 1975: Waves of integration in the world- system. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 77–95.
Cianciarulo, M.S. (2008). What is choice? Examining sex trafficking legislation through the lenses of rape law and prostitution. University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 6(1), 54–76.
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
Collins, P. H. (1998). It’s all in the family: Intersections of gender, race, and nation. Hypatia, 13(3), 62–82.
Collins, P. H. (2009). Emerging intersections- Building knowledge and transforming institutions. In B. T. Hill & R. E. Zambrana (Eds.), Emerging intersections: Race, class, and gender in theory, policy, and practice. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139-167.
Cypher, J., & Delgado Wise, R. (2008). Mexico’s reperipherization under NAFTA’s labour export-led model. In P. Browles & R. Broomhill (Eds.), International trade and neoliberal globalism: Towards reperipherization in Australia, Canada, and Mexico? New York: Routledge.
Delgado Wise, R., & Márquez Covarrubias, H. (2009). A Mexican perspective on the role of mass labor migration under NAFTA. In F. Ansley & J. Shefner (Eds.), Global connections and local receptions: New Latino immigration to the southeastern United States. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Delgado Wise, R., Márquez Covarrubias, H., & Rodríguez, H. (2004). Organizaciones transnacionales de migrantes y desarollo regional en Zacatecas. Migraciones Internacionales, 2, 159–181.
DeStefano, A. M. (2007). The war on human trafficking: U.S. policy assessed. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.
Dicken, P. (1998). The global shift: Transforming the world economy (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Drevel, A. (2009). Tennessee: A new destination for Latina and Latino immigrants. In F. Ansley & J. Shefner (Eds.), Global connections and local receptions: New Latino immigration to the southeastern United States. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Dussel, E. (2003). Ser o no ser maquila, ¿Es ésa la pregunta? Comercio Exterior, 53, 328–336.
Feingold, D. A. (2010). Trafficking in numbers: The social construction of human trafficking data. In P. Andreas & K. M. Greenhill (Eds.), Sex, drugs, and body counts: The politics of numbers in global crime and conflict (pp. 46–74). Ithaca: Cornell University.
Fink, L. (2003). The maya of morganton: Work and community in the Nueva new south. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Frederickson, M. E. (2011). Looking south: Race, gender, and the transformation of labor from reconstruction to globalization. Gainesville: University of Florida.
Fuchs, L. S. (1990). The american kaleidoscope: Race, ethnicity, and civic culture. Middletown: Wesleyan University.
Goldfrank, W. L. (2000). Paradigm regained? The rules of Wallerstein’s world-system method. Journal of World-Systems Research, 6(2), 150–195.
Government Accountability Office. (2006). Human trafficking: Better data, strategy, and reporting needed to enhance U.S. antitrafficking efforts abroad. (GAO-06-825). Washington: Government Accountability Office.
Goździak, E. M. (2005). New immigrant communities and integration. In E. M. Goździak & S. F. Martin (Eds.), Beyond the gateway: Immigrants in a changing America (pp. 3–18). Lanham: Lexington.
Hall, T. D. (2000). World systems analysis: A small sample from a large universe. In T. D. Hall (Ed.), A world systems reader: New perspectives on gender, urbanism, culture, indigenous peoples, and ecology. New York: Rowan and Littlefield.
Henderson, D., & Tickmyer, A. (2009). Intersections of poverty discourses: Race, class, culture, and gender. In B. T. Hill & R. E. Zambrana (Eds.), Emerging intersections: Race, class, and gender in theory, policy, and practice. New Brunswick: Rutgers University.
Kandel, W. (2006). Meat-processing firms attract Latino workers to rural America. In US Department of Agriculture, Amber waves: The economics of food, farming, natural resources, and rural America. Retrieved from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/June06/pdf/MeatProcessingFeatureJune06.pdf
King, G. (2004). Woman, child for sale: The new slave trade in the 21st century. New York: Chamberlain Brothers.
Multi-Lateral Investment Fund. (2006). Public opinion research study of Latin American remittance senders in the United States. Retrieved from: http://www.iadb.org/MIF/publications.cfm?language=English.
Munro, V. (2008). Of rights and rhetoric: Discourses of degradation and exploitation in the context of sex trafficking. Journal of Law and Society, 35(2), 240–264.
Office of the United States Trade Representative. (n.d.). North American free trade agreement. Retrieved from http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta.
Phillips, N. (2009). Migration as development strategy? The new political economy of dispossession and inequality in the Americas. Review of International Political Economy, 16(2), 231–259.
Portes, A. (2009). The new Latin nation: Immigration and the Latino population of the United States. In F. Ansley & J. Shefner (Eds.), Global connections and local receptions: New Latino immigration to the southeastern United States. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Pyle, J. L., & Ward, K. B. (2009). Recasting our understanding of gender and work during global restructuring. International Sociology, 18(3), 461–489.
Ralph, R.E. (2000, February 22). International trafficking of women and children. Testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org.
Ribando, C. M. (2008). Trafficking in persons in Latin America and the Caribbean. In D. V. Stickle (Ed.), Women’s issues: Economic, societal, and personal. Hauppauge: Nova Science.
Sanghera, J. (2005). Unpacking the trafficking discourse. In K. Kampadoo, J. Sanghera, & B. Pattanaik (Eds.), Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, sex work, and human rights (pp.3-24). Paradigm: Boulder, CO.
Sealing Order. Doc. No. 98-1, United States v. Reyna Rodriguez Rios, No. 2:11-cr-00041 (6th Cir. June 30, 2011).
Shefner, J., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2009). Globalization and the new destination immigrant. In F. Ansley & J. Shefner (Eds.), Global connections and local receptions: New Latino immigration to the southeastern United States. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Stull, D. D., & Broadway, M. J. (2004). Slaughterhouse blues: The meat and poultry industry in North America. Belmont: Wadsworth.
The Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center. (2006). Fact sheet: Distinctions between human smuggling and human trafficking. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/90541.pdf
Todres, J. (2006). The importance of realizing ‘other rights’ to prevent sex trafficking. New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers. Retrieved from http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp/32
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106–386, 114 STAT 1464.
True, J. (2012). The political economy of violence against women. Oxford: New York.
Ugarte, M. B., Zarate, L., & Farley, M. (2003). Prostitution and trafficking of women and children from Mexico to the United States. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3/4), 147–165.
US v. Esthela Silfa Vasquez 2:11-cr-41-009. Gov. Ex. No. 6 for Sentencing.
US v. Esthela Silfa Vasquez 2:11-cr-41-009. Gov. Ex. No. 7 for Sentencing.
US v. Reyna Rodriguez Rios 2:11-cr-41-001. Gov. Ex. No. 7 for Sentencing.
US Census Bureau. (2006). 2005 American community survey. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau.
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: Concepts for comparative analysis. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(4), 387–415.
Wallerstein, I. (1976). The modern world-system: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century. New York: Academic.
Wallerstein, I. (1996). The present state of the debate on world inequality. In I. Wallerstein (Ed.), World inequality. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Winders, J. (2009). Placing Latino migration and migrant experiences in the U.S. south: The complexities of regional and local trends. In F. Ansley & J. Shefner (Eds.), Global connections and local receptions: New Latino immigration to the southeastern United States. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Copley, L. What does policy have to do with it? The political economy of Latino sex trafficking in the United States. Crime Law Soc Change 62, 571–584 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9542-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9542-6