Abstract
Asian American Christian faith leaders support and provide an array of services within their communities. However, little is known about their response to congregants’ mental health concerns. This study examined correlates of mental health referral behavior among 103 Asian American Christian clergy in California who completed an anonymous mail survey. Using multiple regression analyses, we found that clergy’s prior mental health education, knowledge of mental illness, education level, time spent providing individual counseling and referral to general practitioners were positively associated with making mental health referrals. Outreach efforts (including mental health education, and mental health referral information) to facilitate clergy’s support of congregants with mental health needs are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alegria, M., Mulvaney-Day, N., Woo, M., Torres, M., Gao, S., & Oddo, V. (2007). Correlates of past-year mental health service use among Latinos: Results from the National Latino and Asian American Study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 76–83.
Alumkal, A. W. (2003). Asian American evangelical churches: Race, ethnicity, and assimilation in the second generation. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub. LLC.
Bernstein, K. S., Park, S. Y., Shin, J., Cho, S., & Park, Y. (2009). Acculturation, discrimination and depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants in New York City. Community Mental Health Journal.
Cadge, W., & Ecklund, E. H. (2007). Immigration and religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 359–379.
Chalfant, H. P., Heller, P. L., Roberts, A., Briones, D., Aguirre-Hochbaum, S., & Farr, W. (1990). The clergy as a resource for those encountering psychological distress. Review of Religious Research, 31(3), 305–313.
Chen, C. (2006). From filial piety to religious piety: Evangelical Christianity reconstructing Taiwanese immigrant families in the United States. International Migration Review, 40(3), 573–602.
Choi, N. G., & Kim, J. (2010). Utilization of complementary and alternative medicines for mental health problems among Asian Americans. Community Mental Health Journal, 46, 570–578.
Farrell, J. L., & Goebert, D. A. (2008). Collaboration between psychiatrists and clergy in recognizing and treating serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 437–440.
Herrick, C. A., & Brown, H. N. (1998). Underutilization of mental health services by Asian-Americans residing in the United States. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 19(3), 225–240.
Hsu, S. I. (1999). Somatisation among Asian refugees and immigrants as a culturally-shaped illness behaviour. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore, 28(6), 841–845.
Kates, N. (2000). Sharing mental health care: Training psychiatry residents to work with primary care physicians. Psychosomatics, 41(1), 53–57.
Kim-Goh, M. (1993). Conceptualization of mental illness among Korean-American clergymen and implications for mental health service delivery. Community Mental Health Journal, 29(5), 405–412.
Korean Christian Press. (2010, January 14). 3,882 Korean Christian Church in the U.S., California was top-ranked. The Korean Christian Press. http://chpress.net/detail.asp?id=5158&cate=search
Kung, W. W. (2003). Chinese Americans’ help seeking for emotional distress. Social Service Review, 77(1), 110–134.
Le Meyer, O., Zane, N., Cho, Y. I., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2009). Use of specialty mental health services by Asian Americans with psychiatric disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 1000–1005.
Lee, H. B., Hanner, J. A., Cho, S. J., Han, H. R., & Kim, M. T. (2008). Improving access to mental health services for Korean American immigrants: Moving toward a community partnership between religious and mental health services. Psychiatry Investigation, 5(1), 14–20.
Leeuw, E. D., Hox, J. J., & Dillman, D. A. (2008). International handbook of survey methodology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leong, F. T., & Lau, A. S. (2001). Barriers to providing effective mental health services to Asian Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3(4), 201–214.
Ley, D. (2008). The immigrant church as an urban service hub. Urban Studies, 45(10), 2057–2074.
Lin, K. M., Inui, T. S., Kleinman, A. M., & Womack, W. M. (1982). Sociocultural determinants of the help-seeking behavior of patients with mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170(2), 78–85.
Mannon, J. D., & Crawford, R. L. (1996). Clergy confidence to counsel and their willingness to refer to mental health professionals. Family Therapy, 23, 213–231.
Mathews, M. (2008). Explanatory models for mental illness endorsed by Christian clergymen: The development and use of an instrument in Singapore. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(3), 287–300.
Mattox, R., & Sullivan, G. (2008). Treatment: “Just what the preacher ordered”. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 349.
McMinn, M. R., Runner, S. J., Fairchild, J. A., Lefler, J. D., & Suntay, R. P. (2005). Factors affecting clergy-psychologist referral patterns. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 33, 299–309.
Meylink, W. D., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1986). New perspectives for clergy-psychologist referrals. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 5, 62–70.
Milstein, G., Manierre, A., Susman, V. L., & Bruce, M. L. (2008). Implementation of a program to improve the continuity of mental health care through Clergy Outreach and Professional Engagement (COPE). Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 39(2), 218–228.
Patte, D. (Ed.). (2010). The Cambridge dictionary of Christianity. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Payne, J. S. (2009). Variations in pastors’ perceptions of the etiology of depression by race and religious affiliation. Community Mental Health Journal, 45(5), 355–365.
President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Outline of the final report for the Presiden’ts New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/outline_040303.doc
Research Services Presbyterian Church. (2006). Mental illness: The report of the February 2006 Presbyterian Panel Survey. Louisville, KY: Author.
Royse, D. (2008). Research methods in social work (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Russell, J. (2004). Faithful generations: Race and new Asian American churches. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Spencer, M. S., Chen, J., Gee, G. C., Fabian, C. G., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2010). Discrimination and mental health-related service use in a national study of Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2410–2417.
Taylor, R. J., Ellison, C. G., Chatters, L. M., Levin, J. S., & Lincoln, K. D. (2000). Mental health services in faith communities: The role of clergy in black churches. Social Work, 45(1), 73–87.
Winett, R. A., Majors, J. S., & Stewart, G. (1979). Mental health treatment and referral practices of clergy and physician caregivers. Journal of Community Psychology, 7(4), 318–323.
Yeung, A., Kung, W. W., Chung, H., Rubenstein, G., Roffi, P., Mischoulon, D., et al. (2004). Integrating psychiatry and primary care improves acceptability to mental health services among Chinese Americans. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(4), 256–260.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Diana Nguyen, Tam Dinh, Cathy Yu Lai, Hannah Nguyen, Susanna Lee, Lucian Song, Shu Ren, Stan Yamada, Vincy Lee, Vicky Yang and Beverly Chen for assistance with data collection, analysis/coding, or comments on previous drafts of manuscripts. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Larson Endowment for Innovative Research and Teaching, the School of Social Work, University of Southern California and from a grant Advancing Scholarship in the Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Southern California awarded to the first author. Additional research support was provided to the first author by the School of Social Work, University of Southern California.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamada, AM., Lee, K.K. & Kim, M.A. Community Mental Health Allies: Referral Behavior Among Asian American Immigrant Christian Clergy. Community Ment Health J 48, 107–113 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9386-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9386-9